2024-11-1020221573-399810.2174/15733998196662206101503422-s2.0-85153855936http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399819666220610150342https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/15911Insulin is an essential factor for mammalian organisms: a regulator of glucose metabolism and other key signaling pathways. Insulin is also a multifunctional hormone whose absence can cause many diseases. Recombinant insulin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes. Understanding insulin, biosimilars, and biobetters from a holistic perspective will help pharmacologically user-friendly molecules design and develop personalized medicine-oriented therapeutic strategies for diabetes. Additionally, it helps to understand the underlying mechanism of other insulin-dependent metabolic disorders. The purpose of this atlas is to review insulin from a biotechnologi-cal, basic science, and clinical perspective, explain nearly all insulin-related disorders and their underlying molecular mechanisms, explore exogenous/recombinant production strategies of patented and research-level insulin/analogs, and highlight their mechanism of action from a structural per-spective. Combined with computational analysis, comparisons of insulin and analogs also provide novel information about the structural dynamics of insulin.Diabetes mellitusReview1875-64171015052000006N/A523