Research Project: İşleyen bellek, yakın zamanda olmuş olayların ve işlenmiş yeni bilgilerin erişilip, muhafaza edildiği, gözlemlendiği aktif bir çalışma sistemi olarak tanımlanabilir. İşleyen bellek kapasitesindeki (İBK) bireysel farklılıklar, öğrenme, dil idraki, muhakeme, problem çözme gibi birçok bilişsel aktivitelerde gösterilen performansı öngörmektedir. Şu ana kadar bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar her ne kadar İBK’deki bireysel farklılıkların konusundaki anlayışımızı ilerletmiş olsa da, halen belirlenmemiş ve incelenmesi gereken hususlar vardır. Önerilen bu projede, bellek performanslarını detaylı bir şekilde inceleyerek, İBK’de bireysel farklılıklar oluşmasına yol açan mekanizmaları derinden anlayabilmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu şekilde, İBK’deki bireysel farklılıklara yol açan bilişsel süreç ve mekanizmaları ortaya koymak hedeflenmiştir. İBK’deki bireysel farklılıkları açıklayabilmek için ortaya koyulmuş belli başlı iki teori bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri İBK’deki bireysel farklılıkların temelinde işl
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Contributors
Funders
ID
TB.00072
Authors
Öztekin, İlke
Faculty Member
Publications
Editorial: Representational states in memory: where do we stand?
(Frontiers, 2015) Öztekin, İlke; Cowan, Nelson; Department of Psychology; Yes; College of Social Sciences and Humanities
This editorial discusses representational states in memory. For decades researchers have assessed the interactions and dissociations across memory systems and representational states using behavioral investigations, seeking for the key principles that govern them. Recent advances in neuroscience have provided the field with a new set of tools that can be employed to complement and extend previous efforts by means of assessing the corresponding underlying neural mechanisms. In an effort to move toward a more unified perspective, this research topic brought together a collection of empirical, theoretical and review articles that collectively advance our understanding of representational states in memory, as well as bear the potential to reconcile some of the differences across the models. The authors conclude by highlighting several venues for future research. Recent advances in neuroscience now enable powerful approaches that combine behavioral indices along with complementary neuroscience methods that can utilize univariate and multivariate analyses of neuroimaging data on healthy individuals, as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation and lesion studies to test and infer similarities and dissociations across the hypothesized states of memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Relationship between emotion and forgetting
(Amer Psychological Assoc, 2016) Mızrak, Eda; Öztekin, İlke; N/A; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; Yes; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
A major determinant of forgetting in memory is the presence of interference in the retrieval context. Previous research has shown that proactive interference has less impact for emotional than neutral study material (Levens & Phelps, 2008). However, it is unclear how emotional content affects the impact of interference in memory. Emotional content could directly affect the buildup of interference, leading to reduced levels of interference. Alternatively, emotional content could affect the controlled processes that resolve interference. The present study employed the response deadline speed-accuracy trade-off procedure to independently test these hypotheses. Participants studied 3-item lists consisting of emotional or neutral images, immediately followed by a recognition probe. Results indicated a slower rate of accrual for interfering material (lures from previous study list) and lower levels of interference for emotional than neutral stimuli, suggesting a direct impact of emotion on the buildup of interference. In contrast to this beneficiary effect, resolution of interference for emotional material was less effective than neutral material. These findings can provide insight into the interactions of emotion and memory processes.
Working memory capacity and controlled serial memory search
(Elsevier, 2016) Mızrak, Eda; Öztekin, İlke; Department of Psychology; Yes; College of Social Sciences and Humanities
The speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) procedure was used to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and the dynamics of temporal order memory retrieval. High- and low-span participants (HSs, LSs) studied sequentially presented five-item lists, followed by two probes from the study list. Participants indicated the more recent probe. Overall, accuracy was higher for HSs compared to LSs. Crucially, in contrast to previous investigations that observed no impact of WMC on speed of access to item information in memory (e.g., Oztekin & McElree, 2010), recovery of temporal order memory was slower for LSs. While accessing an item's representation in memory can be direct, recovery of relational information such as temporal order information requires a more controlled serial memory search. Collectively, these data indicate that WMC effects are particularly prominent during high demands of cognitive control, such as serial search operations necessary to access temporal order information from memory. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Forgetting emotional material in working memory
(Oxford University Press (OUP), 2018) Mızrak, Eda; Öztekin, İlke; Singmann, Henrik; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; Yes; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
Proactive interference (PI) is the tendency for information learned earlier to interfere with more recently learned information. In the present study, we induced PI by presenting items from the same category over several trials. This results in a build-up of PI and reduces the discriminability of the items in each subsequent trial. We introduced emotional (e.g. disgust) and neutral (e.g. furniture) categories and examined how increasing levels of PI affected performance for both stimulus types. Participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performing a 5-item probe recognition task. We modeled responses and corresponding response times with a hierarchical diffusion model. Results showed that PI effects on latent processes (i.e. reduced drift rate) were similar for both stimulus types, but the effect of PI on drift rate was less pronounced PI for emotional compared to neutral stimuli. The decline in the drift rate was accompanied by an increase in neural activation in parahippocampal regions and this relationship was more strongly observed for neutral stimuli compared to emotional stimuli.
Retrieval dynamics of the strength based mirror effect in recognition memory
(Academic Press Inc., 2014) Özhan, Aslı Kılıç; Öztekin, İlke; Department of Psychology; Yes; College of Social Sciences and Humanities
The strength based mirror effect (SBME) refers to an increase in hit rates (HR) and a decrease in false alarm rates (FAR) for the test lists that follow a strongly encoded study list. Earlier investigation of accuracy and reaction time distributions by fitting the diffusion model indicated a mirror effect in the drift rate parameter, which was interpreted as an indication of more conservative responses due to a shift in the drift criterion. Additionally, the starting point for the evidence accumulation was found to be more liberal for the strong test lists. In order to further investigate this paradoxical effect of list strength on these two kinds of bias estimated from the diffusion model, we employed the response-deadline procedure which provided a direct assessment of response bias early in retrieval, prior to evidence accumulation. Results from the retrieval functions indicated more liberal response bias in the list strength paradigm with both pure- and mixed-strength study lists. On the contrary, the SBME was observed at the asymptotic accuracy, suggesting that the conservative response bias might be observed later in retrieval when memory evidence has fully accumulated. In addition, comparison of the SBME across pure and mixed lists revealed that the SBME was most prominent in the pure-list paradigm, suggesting that both the differentiation and criterion shift accounts jointly explain the SBME in recognition memory.
