The carriage of dangerous goods by sea under the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules

Abstract

This study aims to determine how the risks are allocated between shipper and carrier regarding the carriage of dangerous goods by sea under the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, and Protocol of Signature (1924), Protocol to amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (1968), United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978) and United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (2008). To determine the allocation of the risk between these parties; this study examines the definition of dangerous goods, obligations of the shipper, rights of the carrier, the basis and the extent of the liability of the shipper considering shipment of dangerous goods and causal link between the breach of obligations and loss or damage.