Single-shot imaging achieving 685 billion FPS using spatial multiplexing

Abstract

We demonstrate a compact and low-cost single-shot ultrafast imaging system capable of capturing transient dynamics at an effective frame rate of 685 billion frames per second with a sequence depth of ten frames. The approach relies on spatial multiplexing using a microlens array combined with spatially varying optical delay elements, enabling temporal information to be encoded across multiple spatial channels in a single camera exposure. Experimental validation is performed by imaging the evolution of a picosecond laser pulse, achieving a temporal resolution of 1.46 ps. The proposed architecture offers a scalable and accessible alternative to conventional ultrafast imaging systems based on streak cameras or complex compressed sensing schemes