Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a critical condition in neonates resulting from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of HIE, covering its pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and long-term outcomes. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HIE involve complex biochemical cascades, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which collectively contribute to neuronal injury and apoptosis. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes, with advanced neuroimaging techniques and continuous electroencephalography being critical for assessing brain injury severity and guiding therapeutic decisions. Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as the cornerstone of neuroprotective strategies, significantly reducing the risk of death and long-term neurological impairments. Adjunctive treatments, such as erythropoietin and mesenchymal stem cell therapy, show promise in enhancing neuroprotection and promoting recovery, though further research is needed to establish their efficacy. Long-term follow-up is crucial for managing complications such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and sensory deficits, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to care. This review highlights the need for continued research and clinical innovation to improve diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic efficacy, and overall outcomes for neonates affected by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. © 2025 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.