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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/3
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Publication Metadata only Demand for decision autonomy and the desire to avoid responsibility in risky environments: experimental evidence(Elsevier, 2020) Gürdal, Mehmet Y.; Department of Economics; N/A; Ertaç, Seda; Gümren, Mert; Faculty Member; Researcher; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 107102; N/AThis paper experimentally studies individuals' willingness to pay for the authority to make risky decisions for themselves, and the willingness to take responsibility for others, as primary determinants of leadership willingness. We consider a setup involving a pair of individuals, where one individual is designated to make both parties' decisions by default. Depending on treatment, either party can express a willingness to pay to change this situation. If one's willingness to pay to make her own decision herself is positive (negative), we interpret it as a demand for autonomy (a desire to delegate). on the flip side, if one's willingness to pay to avoid making a decision on behalf of another person is positive (negative), we interpret it as a desire to avoid responsibility (a demand for authority). We find that on average, individuals are willing to pay positive amounts of money to make their decisions themselves, and incur positive but smaller opportunity costs for the right to make decisions for others. Certain individual and contextual characteristics emerge as important predictors. Notably, (1) men are more likely to demand both autonomy and authority at the same time, (2) individuals with other regarding preferences are more likely to pay to avoid taking responsibility for others' decisions when the probability of loss is high. Exploring differences between individuals' own decisions and the decisions they make on behalf of others, we find that subjects with other-regarding preferences tend to "cautious-shift" when making decisions on behalf of others. Also, we find that individuals who would like to avoid responsibility also tend to "shift" their decisions when put in a decision-making role. The results have implications for the allocation of decision-making authority in pairs and leadership.Publication Metadata only Timing relationships between representational gestures and speech: a corpus based investigation(The Cognitive Science Society, 2022) Donnellan, Ed; Man, Hillarie; Grzyb, Beata; Gu, Yan; Vigliocco, Gabriella; Department of Economics; Özder, Levent Emir; Undergraduate Student; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/ATheories suggest that representational gestures depicting properties of referents in accompanying speech could facilitate language production and comprehension. In order to shed light on how gesture and speech are coordinated during production, we investigate whether representational gestures are time-locked to the onset of utterances (hence planned when full events are encoded) or Lexical Affiliates (LAs; words most closely aligned with the gesture meaning; hence planned when individual concepts are encoded) in a large corpus of naturalistic conversation (n = 1803 gestures from n = 24 speakers). Our data shows that representational gestures are more tightly tied to LA onsets than utterance onsets, which is consistent with theories of multimodal communication in which gestures aid conceptual packaging or retrieval of individual concepts rather than events. We also demonstrate that in naturalistic speech, representational gestures tend to precede their LAs by around 370ms, which means that they could plausibly allow for an addressee to predict upcoming words.Publication Metadata only Intergenerational influence: roles of conformity to peers and communication effectiveness(Wiley, 2005) Fern, EF; Bao, YQ; Department of Economics; Mandrik, Carter; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AThis research adds to the growing body of literature in consumer socialization by examining intergenerational influence on brand preferences and consumption orientations in parents and young-adult offspring. Two factors suggested in past research to affect intergenerational influence are investigated: conformity to peers and communication effectiveness. A new rigorous method is introduced to demonstrate intergenerational similarity in mother/daughter dyads, distinct from an incipient level of similarity that may occur by chance. Results indicate that communication effectiveness is positively related to intergenerational agreement in all six consumption domains studied, whereas daughter's conformity motivation is related only to prestige sensitivity. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.Publication Metadata only Exploring the concept and measurement of general risk aversion(Assoc Consumer Research, 2005) Bao, Yeqing; Department of Economics; Mandrik, Carter; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AIn this paper we explore the concept and measurement of a general-as opposed to domain-specific-risk aversion construct. We review the literature on risk aversion and perceived risk, focusing on issues of concept meaning and measurement, and discuss problems with current measures of risk aversion for research application. An exploratory empirical investigation is reported in which we (1), develop a scale to measure general risk aversion and (2), explore its relationships with intentions to engage in various behaviors vis a vis other similar measures used in the past. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of our findings and suggestions for future research.Publication Metadata only Mental attributes and temporal brain dynamics during bargaining: EEG source localization and neuroinformatic mapping(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Güçlü, Burak; Hortaçsu, Ali; List, John A.; Department of Economics; Ertaç, Seda; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 107102It was previously shown by fMRI studies that unfair offers during an ultimatum bargaining game activate regions in the brain associated with emotions and conflict, leading to decisions inconsistent with standard economic theory. The temporal dynamics of emotional processing and mental attributes were not clear due to the coarse temporal resolution in those studies (similar to 2 s). Here, the ultimatum game was studied by EEG recorded from the responders in 19 channels. EEG time series were first in-put to independent component analysis. An equivalent current dipole model was used to localize the sources of the independent components in EEGLAB. The Talairach coordinates of the dipoles were matched with references in the Brede neuroinformatics database. Dipole magnitudes, anatomical regions, and mental attributes were used to explain the rejection of the offers by applying multiple regression as a function of time in epochs with a median resolution of 250 ms. The results are consistent with previous studies regarding responder behavior and activated regions (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, frontal gyrus, insular cortex). There are three main findings observed with the higher temporal resolution: (1) regression results from fine-scale temporal data showed activations not captured when the analysis was done by using time-averaged data; (2) temporal analysis detected the individual significant epochs and fluctuations (positive and negative correlations) in regions and for the associated mental attributes (e.g., reward/harm perception, anger, unfairness); (3) there was a sequential activation of anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex, respectively, leading to the rejection response. Overall, regression models could explain a large percentage (similar to 80%) of out-of-sample behavioral responses. The results are promising for the prospect of using EEG and source localization techniques in neuroeconomics to study finer temporal dynamics of neural activation.Publication Metadata only Error monitoring in decision-making and timing is disrupted in autism spectrum disorder(Wiley, 2019) N/A; N/A; Department of Psychology; Department of Economics; Department of Psychology; Doenyas, Ceymi; Mutluer, Tuba; Genç, Egemen; Balcı, Fuat; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Undergraduate Student; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; Department of Psychology; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM) / Koç Üniversitesi Translasyonel Tıp Araştırma Merkezi (KUTTAM); Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; School of Medicine; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 277852; 305311; N/A; 51269Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties in social interactions. The cognitive domains that support these interactions include perceptual decision-making, timing, and error-monitoring, which enable one to appropriately understand and react to the other individual in communicative settings. This study constitutes a comprehensive exploration of decision-making and interval timing in ASD as well as the first investigation of error-monitoring abilities of individuals with ASD regarding their performance in the corresponding domains. We found that children with ASD fared similar to typically developing (TD) children in their first-order task performance in two-alternative forced choice perceptual decision-making and temporal reproduction tasks as well as the secondary tasks (signal detection and free finger tapping tasks). Yet, they had a deficit in error-monitoring in both tasks where their accuracy did not predict their confidence ratings, which was the case for the TD group. The difference between ASD and TD groups was limited to error-monitoring performance. This study attests to a circumscribed impairment in error-monitoring in individuals with ASD, which may partially underlie their social interaction problems. This difficulty in cognitively evaluating one's own performance may also relate to theory of mind deficits reported for individuals with ASD, where they struggle in understanding the mental states and intentions of others. This novel finding holds the potential to inform effective interventions for individuals with ASD that can target this error-monitoring ability to have broad-ranging effects in multiple domains involved in communication and social interaction. Autism Res 2019, 12: 239-248 (c) 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Decision-making, timing, and error-monitoring are three of many abilities that underlie smooth social interactions. To date, these domains have been only investigated separately, but given their interactive role in social interactions that are impaired in ASD, we conducted the first study to investigate them together. Children with ASD were as successful as typically developing children in their task performances, but unlike them, were unaware of their errors in both decision-making and timing tasks. This deficit that is limited to error-monitoring can contribute to unraveling the unique cognitive signature of ASD and to formulating interventions with positive implications in multiple domains.