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The comparative regression discontinuity (CRD) design: an overview and demonstration of its performance relative to basic RD and the randomized experiment
(Jai-Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Tang, Yang; Cook, Thomas D.; Hock, Heinrich; Chiang, Hanley; Department of Psychology; Sakarya, Yasemin Kisbu; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 219275
Relative to the randomized controlled trial (RCT), the basic regression discontinuity (RD) design suffers from lower statistical power and lesser ability to generalize causal estimates away from the treatment eligibility cutoff. This chapter seeks to mitigate these limitations by adding an untreated outcome comparison function that is measured along all or most of the assignment variable. When added to the usual treated and untreated outcomes observed in the basic RD, a comparative RD (CRD) design results. One version of CRD adds a pretest measure of the study outcome (CRD-Pre); another adds posttest outcomes from a nonequivalent comparison group (CRD-CG). We describe how these designs can be used to identify unbiased causal effects away from the cutoff under the assumption that a common, stable functional form describes how untreated outcomes vary with the assignment variable, both in the basic RD and in the added outcomes data (pretests or a comparison group's posttest). We then create the two CRD designs using data from the National Head Start Impact Study, a large-scale RCT. For both designs, we find that all untreated outcome functions are parallel, which lends support to CRD's identifying assumptions. Our results also indicate that CRD-Pre and CRD-CG both yield impact estimates at the cutoff that have a similarly small bias as, but are more precise than, the basic RD's impact estimates. In addition, both CRD designs produce estimates of impacts away from the cutoff that have relatively little bias compared to estimates of the same parameter from the RCT design. This common finding appears to be driven by two different mechanisms. In this instance of CRD-CG, potential untreated outcomes were likely independent of the assignment variable from the start. This was not the case with CRD-Pre. However, fitting a model using the observed pretests and untreated posttests to account for the initial dependence generated an accurate prediction of the missing counterfactual. The result was an unbiased causal estimate away from the cutoff, conditional on this successful prediction of the untreated outcomes of the treated.
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Values, materialism, and well-being: a study with Turkish university students
(Elsevier, 2010) Karabati, Serdar; Department of Psychology; Cemalcılar, Zeynep; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 40374
Material objects gain social meaning not only because they have instrumental use in our daily lives but also because they function as symbols of identity and self-expression. Material values are investigated under the concept of materialism which is broadly defined as "a set of centrally held beliefs about the importance of possessions in one's life" (Richins & Dawson, 1992). The current study is primarily concerned with specifying value antecedents of materialism in a Turkish adult sample. Data were collected from a sample of 948 university students through the measure of materialism by Richins and Dawson and the Schwartz Value Survey. Two measures were used to test the effect of materialism on subjective well-being. Results provided strong evidence toward positive associations between self-enhancement motives and materialism. The findings also validate the central assumption in the literature that materialism diminishes well-being. The relationships among values, materialism, and well-being are discussed within a value congruity perspective. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The role of time estimation in decreased impatience in intertemporal choice
(Educational Publishing Foundation-American Psychological Assoc, 2021) Agostino, Camila S.; Claessens, Peter M. E.; Zana, Yossi; Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269
The role of specific cognitive processes in deviations from constant discounting in intertemporal choice is not well understood. We evaluated decreased impatience in intertemporal choice tasks in a fashion that isolates discounting rate and nonlinearity in long scale time representation; nonlinear time representation was expected to explain inconsistencies in discounting rate. Participants performed temporal magnitude estimation and intertemporal choice tasks. Psychophysical functions for time intervals were estimated by fitting linear and power functions, while discounting functions were estimated by fitting exponential and hyperbolic functions. The temporal magnitude estimates of 65% of the participants were better fit with power functions (mostly compression) and 63% of the participants had intertemporal choice patterns corresponding best to hyperbolic functions. When the perceptual bias of the participants that exhibited hyperbolic functions was compensated in the discounting rate computation, over half of them continued exhibiting temporal inconsistency. Therefore, the results suggest that temporal inconsistency in discounting rate cannot be fully explained by the bias in temporal representations. Nonlinearity in temporal representation and discounting rate should be evaluated on an individual basis.
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Employment behaviors of mothers who have a child with asthma
(Springer, 2007) Joesch, Jutta; Kieckhefer, Gail; Kim, Hyoshin; Greek, April; Department of Psychology; Baydar, Nazlı; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 50769
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