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Publication Metadata only Do bilingual adults gesture when they are disfluent?: understanding gesture-speech interaction across first and second languages(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesPeople are more disfluent in their second language (L2) than their first language (L1). Gesturing facilitates cognitive processes, including speech production. This study investigates speech disfluency and representational gesture production across Turkish-English bilinguals' L1 (Turkish) and L2 (English) through a narrative retelling task (N = 27). Results showed that people were more disfluent and used more representational gestures in English. Controlling for L2 proficiency, people were still more disfluent in English. The more people were proficient in L2, the more they used gestures in that language. Similarly, disfluency-gesture co-occurrences were more common in English. L2 proficiency was positively correlated with the likelihood of a disfluency being accompanied by a gesture. These findings suggest that gestures may not necessarily compensate for weak language skills. Rather, people might gesture during disfluent moments if they can detect their errors, suggesting a close link between representational gestures and language competency in benefiting from gestures when disfluent.Publication Metadata only Does source reliability moderate the survival processing effect? The role of linguistic markers as reliability cues(Springer, 2024) Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Akçay, Çağlar; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesAdaptive memory retains information that would increase survival chances and reproductive success, resulting in the survival processing effect. Less is known about whether the reliability of the information interacts with the survival processing effect. From an adaptive point, information from reliable sources should lead to better encoding of information, particularly in a survival context. In Turkish, specific linguistic components called evidentiality markers encode whether the information presented is firsthand (direct) or not (indirect), providing insight into source reliability. In two experiments, we examined the effect of evidentiality markers on recall across survival and nonsurvival (moving) contexts, predicting that the survival processing effect would be stronger for information marked with evidentiality markers indicating direct information. Results of both experiments yielded a robust survival processing effect, as the sentences processed for their relevance to survival were better remembered than those processed for their relevance to nonsurvival events. Yet the marker type did not affect retention, regardless of being tested as a between- or within-subject factor. Specifically, the survival processing effect persisted even with evidentiality markers indicating indirect information, which suggests that the processing of survival-related information may be privileged even if potentially unreliable. We discuss these results in the context of recent studies of the interaction of language with memory.Publication Metadata only Through thick and thin: gesture and speech remain as an integrated system in atypical development(WILEY, 2024) Demir-Lira, O. Ece; Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesGesture and speech are tightly linked and form a single system in typical development. In this review, we ask whether and how the role of gesture and relations between speech and gesture vary in atypical development by focusing on two groups of children: those with peri- or prenatal unilateral brain injury (children with BI) and preterm born (PT) children. We describe the gestures of children with BI and PT children and the relations between gesture and speech, as well as highlight various cognitive and motor antecedents of the speech-gesture link observed in these populations. We then examine possible factors contributing to the variability in gesture production of these atypically developing children. Last, we discuss the potential role of seeing others' gestures, particularly those of parents, in mediating the predictive relationships between early gestures and upcoming changes in speech. We end the review by charting new areas for future research that will help us better understand the robust roles of gestures for typical and atypically-developing child populations. This review examines the relationship between gesture and speech in typical and atypical development, focusing on children with peri- or prenatal unilateral brain injury (BI) and preterm born (PT) children. We pinpoint how children's gestures vary in these populations, cognitive and motor antecedents of children's gestures, and the potential mediating role of parental gestures in gesture-speech relations.Publication Metadata only Bayes optimal integration of social and endogenous uncertainty in numerosity estimation(Wiley, 2024) Department of Psychology; Öztel, Tutku; Balcı, Fuat; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesOne of the most prominent social influences on human decision making is conformity, which is even more prominent when the perceptual information is ambiguous. The Bayes optimal solution to this problem entails weighting the relative reliability of cognitive information and perceptual signals in constructing the percept from self-sourced/endogenous and social sources, respectively. The current study investigated whether humans integrate the statistics (i.e., mean and variance) of endogenous perceptual and social information in a Bayes optimal way while estimating numerosities. Our results demonstrated adjustment of initial estimations toward group means only when group estimations were more reliable (or "certain"), compared to participants' endogenous metric uncertainty. Our results support Bayes optimal social conformity while also pointing to an implicit form of metacognition.Publication Metadata only Temporal gestures in different temporal perspectives(Wiley, 2024) Department of Psychology; Akbuğa, Yiğitcan Emir; Göksun, Tilbe; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesTemporal perspectives allow us to place ourselves and temporal events on a timeline, making it easier to conceptualize time. This study investigates how we take different temporal perspectives in our temporal gestures. We asked participants (n = 36) to retell temporal scenarios written in the Moving-Ego, Moving-Time, and Time-Reference-Point perspectives in spontaneous and encouraged gesture conditions. Participants took temporal perspectives mostly in similar ways regardless of the gesture condition. Perspective comparisons showed that temporal gestures of our participants resonated better with the Ego- (i.e., Moving-Ego and Moving-Time) versus Time-Reference-Point distinction instead of the classical Moving-Ego versus Moving-Time contrast. Specifically, participants mostly produced more Moving-Ego and Time-Reference-Point gestures for the corresponding scenarios and speech;however, the Moving-Time perspective was not adopted more than the others in any condition. Similarly, the Moving-Time gestures did not favor an axis over the others, whereas Moving-Ego gestures were mostly sagittal and Time-Reference-Point gestures were mostly lateral. These findings suggest that we incorporate temporal perspectives into our temporal gestures to a considerable extent;however, the classical Moving-Ego and Moving-Time classification may not hold for temporal gestures.Publication Metadata only Temporal integration of target features across and within trials in the attentional blink(Springer, 2024) Semizer, Yelda; Department of Psychology; Yıldırım, Bugay; Gököz, Zeynep Ayşecan Boduroğlu; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesAttentional blink research has typically investigated attentional limitations in multiple target processing. The current study investigated the temporal integration of target features in the attentional blink. Across two experiments, we demonstrated that the orientation estimations of individual target items in the attentional blink paradigm were systematically biased. Specifically, there was evidence for both within- and across-trial biases, revealing a general bias towards previously presented stimuli. Moreover, both biases were found to be more salient for targets suffering from the attentional blink. The current study is the first to demonstrate an across-trial bias in responses in the attentional blink paradigm. This set of findings is in line with the literature, suggesting that the human visual system can implicitly summarize information presented over time, which may lead to biases. By investigating temporal integration in the attentional blink, we have been able to address the modulatory role of attention on biases imposed by the implicit temporal effects in estimation tasks. Our findings may inform future research on attentional blink, serial dependence, and ensemble perception.Publication Metadata only Elucidating the common basis for task-dependent differential manifestations of category advantage: a decision theoretic approach(Wiley, 2022) N/A; Department of Psychology; Department of Psychology; Akbıyık, Seda; Göksun, Tilbe; Balcı, Fuat; Master Student; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; N/A; N/A; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM) / Koç Üniversitesi Translasyonel Tıp Araştırma Merkezi (KUTTAM); Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/A; 47278; 51269Cross-category hues are differentiated easier than otherwise equidistant hues that belong to the same linguistic category. This effect is typically manifested through both accuracy and response time gains in tasks with a memory component, whereas only response times are affected when there is no memory component. This raises the question of whether there is a common generative process underlying the differential behavioral manifestations of category advantage in color perception. For instance, within the framework of noisy evidence accumulation models, changes in accuracy can be readily attributed to an increase in the efficacy of perceptual evidence integration (after controlling for threshold setting), whereas changes in response time can also be attributed to shorter nondecisional delays (e.g., due to facilitated signal detection). To address the latent decision processes underlying category advantage across different behavioral demands, we introduce a decision-theoretic perspective (i.e., diffusion decision model) to categorical color perception in three complementary experiments. In Experiment 1, we collected data from a binary color naming task (1) to determine the green-blue boundary in our sample and (2) to trace how parameter estimates of interest in the model output change as a function of color typicality. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used same-different task paradigms (with and without a memory component, respectively) and traced the category advantage in color discrimination in two parameters of the diffusion decision model: nondecision time and drift rate. An increase in drift rate predominantly characterized the category advantage in both tasks. Our results show that improved efficiency in perceptual evidence integration is a common driving force behind different manifestations of category advantage.Publication Metadata only Functions of Turkish evidentials in early child-caregiver interactions: a growth curve analysis of longitudinal data(Cambridge Univ Press, 2018) Aksu Koç, Ayhan; N/A; N/A; Department of Psychology; Uzundağ, Berna Arslan; Taşçı, Süleyman Sabri; Küntay, Aylin C.; PhD Student; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 300558; N/A; 178879In languages with evidential marking, utterances consist of an informational content and a specification of the mode of access to that information. In this first longitudinal study investigating the acquisition of the Turkish evidential marker -mI in naturalistic child-caregiver interactions, we examined six children between 8 and 36 months of age. We charted individual differences in child and caregiver speech over time by conducting growth curve analyses. Children followed a similar course of acquisition in terms of the proportion of the marker in overall speech. However, children exhibited differences with respect to the order of emergence of different evidential functions (e.g., inference, hearsay), where each child showed a unique pattern irrespective of the frequency in caregiver input. Nonfactual use of the marker was very frequent in child and caregiver speech, where high-SES caregivers mostly produced the marker during story-telling and pretend play, and low-SES caregivers for regulating the child's behavior.Publication Metadata only Language-specific and universal influences in children's syntactic packaging of Manner and Path: a comparison of English, Japanese, and Turkish(Elsevier, 2007) Allen, Shanley; Kita, Sotaro; Brown, Amanda; Furman, Reyhan; Ishizuka, Tomoko; Fujii, Mihoko; Department of Psychology; Özyürek, Aslı; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/ADifferent languages map semantic elements of spatial relations onto different lexical and syntactic units. These crosslinguistic differences raise important questions for language development in terms of how this variation is learned by children. We investigated how Turkish-, English-, and Japanese-speaking children (mean age 3;8) package the semantic elements of Manner and Path onto syntactic units when both the Manner and the Path of the moving Figure occur simultaneously and are salient in the event depicted. Both universal and language-specific patterns were evident in our data. Children used the semantic-syntactic mappings preferred by adult speakers of their own languages, and even expressed subtle syntactic differences that encode different relations between Manner and Path in the same way as their adult counterparts (i.e., Manner causing vs. incidental to Path). However, not all types of semantics-syntax mappings were easy for children to learn (e.g., expressing Manner and Path elements in two verbal clauses). In such cases, Turkish- and Japanese-speaking children frequently used syntactic patterns that were not typical in the target language but were similar to patterns used by English-speaking children, suggesting some universal influence. Thus, both language-specific and universal tendencies guide the development of complex spatial expressions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Autobiographical memory for repeated events: remembering our vacations(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2021) Department of Psychology; Department of Psychology; Usta, Berivan Ece; Gülgöz, Sami; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 201110; 49200We aimed to explore autobiographical memory for repeated events. for that aim, five instances of the same event category (i.e. last, first, random, distinct, and typical vacation) were collected from 57 (32 females) adults (M-age = 21.8; SDage = 2.0). Participants also provided the vacation scripts they have in mind. the last instances were expected to be highest in script consistency whereas the first instances would be the lowest due to duration between encoding and retrieval in addition to the frequency of potential script updates. We predicted that random instances selected freely by the participants would display high script-consistency due to ease of access. Finally, distinct instances would vary in their script consistency to the extent that they deviate from a script-consistent vacation experience. Overall, results were in line with the predictions. Findings are discussed in the context of the schema pointer plus tag model and the dynamic memory model.