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Department: search.filters.department.Department of Archeology and History of ArtIndexed at: search.filters.indexed.Scopus

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 30
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Born-digital logistics: impacts of 3D recording on archaeological workflow, training, and interpretation
    (De Gruyter Open, 2021) Scott, Catherine B.; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Roosevelt, Christopher Havemeyer; Roosevelt, Christina Marie Luke; Nobles, Gary; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED); College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 235115; 235112; N/A
    Digital technologies have been at the heart of fieldwork at the Kaymakçı Archaeological Project (KAP) since its beginning in 2014. All data on this excavation are born-digital, from textual, photographic, and videographic descriptions of contexts and objects in a database and excavation journals to 2D plans and profiles as well as 3D volumetric recording of contexts. The integration of structure from motion (SfM) modeling and its various products has had an especially strong impact on how project participants interact with the archaeological record during and after excavation. While this technology opens up many new possibilities for data recording, analysis, and presentation, it can also present challenges when the requirements of the recording system come into conflict with an archaeologist's training and experience. Here, we consider the benefits and costs of KAP's volumetric recording system. We explore the ways that recording protocols for image-based modeling change how archaeologists see and manage excavation areas and how the products of this recording system are revolutionizing our interaction with the (digital) archaeological record. We also share some preliminary plans for how we intend to expand this work in the future.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    The Chalcolithic of Southeast Anatolia
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2012) Department of Archeology and History of Art; Özbal, Rana; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 55583
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük reveals fundamental transitions in health, mobility, and lifestyle in early farmers
    (National Academy of Sciences, 2019) Department of Archeology and History of Art; Haddow, Scott Donald; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities
    The transition from a human diet based exclusively on wild plants and animals to one involving dependence on domesticated plants and animals beginning 10,000 to 11,000 y ago in Southwest Asia set into motion a series of profound health, lifestyle, social, and economic changes affecting human populations throughout most of the world. However, the social, cultural, behavioral, and other factors surrounding health and lifestyle associated with the foraging-to-farming transition are vague, owing to an incomplete or poorly understood contextual archaeological record of living conditions. Bioarchaeological investigation of the extraordinary record of human remains and their context from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (7100–5950 cal BCE), a massive archaeological site in south-central Anatolia (Turkey), provides important perspectives on population dynamics, health outcomes, behavioral adaptations, interpersonal conflict, and a record of community resilience over the life of this single early farming settlement having the attributes of a protocity. Study of Çatalhöyük human biology reveals increasing costs to members of the settlement, including elevated exposure to disease and labor demands in response to community dependence on and production of domesticated plant carbohydrates, growing population size and density fueled by elevated fertility, and increasing stresses due to heightened workload and greater mobility required for caprine herding and other resource acquisition activities over the nearly 12 centuries of settlement occupation. These changes in life conditions foreshadow developments that would take place worldwide over the millennia following the abandonment of Neolithic Çatalhöyük, including health challenges, adaptive patterns, physical activity, and emerging social behaviors involving interpersonal violence.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe
    (Nature Publishing Group (NPG), 2021) Rohrlach, A.B.; Papac, L.; Childebayeva, A.; Rivollat, M.; Villalba Mouco, V.; Neumann, G.U.; Penske, S.; Skourtanioti, E.; van de Loosdrecht, M.; Akar, M.; Boyadzhiev, K.; Boyadzhiev, Y.; Deguilloux, M.F.; Dobes, M.; Erdal, Y.S.; Ernée, M.; Frangipane, M.; Furmanek, M.; Friederich, S.; Ghesquière, E.; Ha?uszko, A.; Hansen, S.; Küßner, M.; Mannino, M.; Reinhold, S.; Rottier, S.; Salazar García, D.C.; Diaz, J.S.; Stockhammer, P.W.; de Togores Muñoz, C.R.; Yener, K.A.; Posth, C.; Krause, J.; Herbig, A.; Haak, W.; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Özbal, Rana; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 55583
    Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the ""mappable"" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Pigs in sight: Late Bronze Age pig husbandries in the Aegean and Anatolia
    (Taylor _ Francis, 2020) Slim, Francesca G.; Çakırlar, Canan; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Roosevelt, Christopher Havemeyer; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED); College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 235115
    This paper explores pig husbandry across the Aegean and Anatolia based on zooarchaeological data and ancient texts. The western Anatolian citadel of Kaymakci is the departure point for discussion, as it sits in the Mycenaean-Hittite interaction zone and provides a uniquely large assemblage of pig bones. NISP, mortality, and biometric data from 38 additional sites across Greece and Anatolia allows observation of intra- and interregional variation in the role of pigs in subsistence economies, pig management, and pig size characteristics. Results show that, first, pig abundance at Kaymakci matches Mycenaean and northern Aegean sites more closely than central, southern, and southeastern Anatolian sites; second, pig mortality data and biometry suggest multiple husbandry strategies and pig populations at Kaymakci, but other explanations cannot yet be excluded; and, third, for the Aegean and Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age more generally, pig data suggests pluriformity, which challenges the use of "pig principles" in this region.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Reading social change on a potter's wheel: Chalcis (Euboea) from the Byzantine to the Modern Greek era
    (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2021) Skartsis, Stefania S.; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Kontogiannis, Nikolaos; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 258781
    In this article, the socio-economic and cultural identity of Chalcis is traced through, and combined with, the story of its material culture and, in particular, of its impressive pottery production and consumption. Through this lens, the historical conditions and daily life over more than ten centuries (from the ninth to the early twentieth century) of this relatively unknown provincial town are closely examined. This makes it possible to detect one field in which local communities reacted to, adjusted to, took advantage of, survived or sometimes succumbed to the wider turmoil of the Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek eras.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication
    (Nature Portfolio, 2021) Yurtman, Erinç; Özer, Onur; Yüncü, Eren; Dağtaş, Nihan Dilşad; Koptekin, Dilek; Çakan, Yasin Gökhan; Özkan, Mustafa; Akbaba, Ali; Kaptan, Damla; Atağ, Gözde; Vural, Kıvılcım Başak; Gündem, Can Yümni; Martin, Louise; Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Açan, Sinan Can; Yaka, Reyhan; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe; Krzewinska, Maja; Gunther, Torsten; Miranda, Pedro Morell; Pişkin, Evangelia; Sevketoğlu, Müge; Bilgin, C. Can; Atakuman, Ciğdem; Erdal, Yılmaz Selim; Sürer, Elif; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Lenstra, Johannes A.; Yorulmaz, Sevgi; Abazari, Mohammad Foad; Hoseinzadeh, Javad; Baird, Douglas; Bıcakcı, Erhan; Çevik, Özlem; Gerritsen, Fokke; Gotherstrom, Anders; Somel, Mehmet; Togan, İnci; Özer, Füsun; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Özbal, Rana; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 55583
    Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Eunuchs and the city: residences and real estate owned by vourt eunuchs in late sixteenth-century Istanbul
    (Istanbul Research Institute, 2021) Department of Archeology and History of Art; Dikici, Ayşe Ezgi; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities
    This article explores how the Ottoman court eunuchs engaged with the topography and population of Istanbul by examining the urban residences and other real estate endowed in the 1590s by four aghas representing different backgrounds and career tracks across the court eunuch spectrum. Using evidence gleaned from their endowment deeds and other documents, it attempts to reconstruct their immediate living environments and map their property ownership across the cityscape, reflecting on the spatial distribution and concentration areas of their real estate, the continuities and changes in their residential patterns, as well as how their career tracks, family members, friends, and other connections informed their proprietorship. / Bu makale, Osmanlı saray hadımlarının İstanbul’un topografyası ve nüfusuyla nasıl bir ilişki kurduğunu incelemek amacıyla, çeşitlilik gösteren bu grup içerisinde farklı köken ve kariyer geçmişlerini temsil eden dört ağanın 1590’larda vakfettiği şehir içi konutları ve diğer emlaki mercek altına alıyor. Ağaların vakfiyeleri ile diğer belgelerden elde edilen izleri takip ederek onların bizzat içinde yaşadıkları ortamı yeniden kurmaya ve edindikleri mülkleri şehir peyzajı üzerinde haritalandırmaya çalışıyor. Bunu yaparken de mülklerinin mekânsal dağılımı ve yoğunlaştığı alanlar ile ikamet örüntülerindeki süreklilik ve değişimlerüzerine düşünmeyi, bir yandan da meslek hayatlarının, aile üyelerinin, dostlarının ve diğer bağlarının, hadımların kendi mülkiyetleri üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi olduğunu anlamayı amaçlıyor.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Who owns the dead? legal and professional challenges facing human remains management in Turkey
    (Taylor _ Francis, 2022) Doğan, Elifgül; Joy, Jody; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Şenocak, Lucienne; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 100679
    The management of archaeological human remains poses numerous ethical and practical challenges for archaeologists and museum personnel throughout the world. While several countries have developed extensive legislation and guidelines to ensure best practice, Turkey has no specific laws concerning the management of archaeological human remains. The current heritage legislation defines all archaeological materials, including human remains, as state property, a position which makes engagement with stakeholders seeking shared ownership or repatriation of these remains problematic. In the absence of adequate legislation and professional guidelines, a wide range of ad hoc practices have developed among professionals whose dominance in decision-making processes leaves little room for inclusive museum management practices, such as stakeholder consultation, co-curation, the insurance of equal access to museums, and the promotion of human rights. Through a series of interviews with archaeologists and museum professionals, an online visitor survey with 780 participants, and on-site observations in four museums in Turkey, this article examines the existing management practices concerning archaeological human remains and sheds light on various professional biases that have discouraged effective community engagement with this issue in Turkey. This article is intended as a catalyst for further discussion about a topic which has been largely ignored in Turkey by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (TMoCT), museum personnel, and archaeologists.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Rock faces, opium and wine: speculations on the original viewing context of persianate manuscripts
    (De Gruyter, 2013) Department of Archeology and History of Art; Ergin, Nina Macaraig; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 52311
    One of the most delightful and interesting features of Islamic miniature painting in the Persian-speaking world is the appearance of hidden faces and figures in the background of compositions, which usually consist of rocky outcrops, tree roots or boulders. Scholars have provided different reasons for this feature, from narrative enhancement to the artists' creativity and imagination. Although accepting these reasons as valid, this paper proposes an additional raison d'etre - that is, the original viewing context of the majlis where wine and opium consumption were part of the entertainment, as both textual and visual evidence demonstrates. Based on first-hand accounts of users of psychoactive substances as well as psychological studies on their effect on creativity and visual perception, I argue that opium and wine consumption caused a perceptional shift that rendered the hidden figures even more entertaining than they would have been in a sober state of mind.