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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/6
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Publication Open Access Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük reveals fundamental transitions in health, mobility, and lifestyle in early farmers(National Academy of Sciences, 2019) Department of Archeology and History of Art; Haddow, Scott Donald; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe transition from a human diet based exclusively on wild plants and animals to one involving dependence on domesticated plants and animals beginning 10,000 to 11,000 y ago in Southwest Asia set into motion a series of profound health, lifestyle, social, and economic changes affecting human populations throughout most of the world. However, the social, cultural, behavioral, and other factors surrounding health and lifestyle associated with the foraging-to-farming transition are vague, owing to an incomplete or poorly understood contextual archaeological record of living conditions. Bioarchaeological investigation of the extraordinary record of human remains and their context from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (7100–5950 cal BCE), a massive archaeological site in south-central Anatolia (Turkey), provides important perspectives on population dynamics, health outcomes, behavioral adaptations, interpersonal conflict, and a record of community resilience over the life of this single early farming settlement having the attributes of a protocity. Study of Çatalhöyük human biology reveals increasing costs to members of the settlement, including elevated exposure to disease and labor demands in response to community dependence on and production of domesticated plant carbohydrates, growing population size and density fueled by elevated fertility, and increasing stresses due to heightened workload and greater mobility required for caprine herding and other resource acquisition activities over the nearly 12 centuries of settlement occupation. These changes in life conditions foreshadow developments that would take place worldwide over the millennia following the abandonment of Neolithic Çatalhöyük, including health challenges, adaptive patterns, physical activity, and emerging social behaviors involving interpersonal violence.Publication Open Access Of networks and knives: a bronze knife with herringbone decoration from the citadel of Kaymakçı (Manisa İli/TR)(Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2019) Pieniazek, Magda; Pavuk, Peter; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Roosevelt, Christopher Havemeyer; Roosevelt, Christina Marie Luke; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/A; 235112During the first season of excavations in 2014 at the Late Bronze Age site of Kaymakci, a bronze knife with an unusually decorated handle was found. Kaymakci is a recently discovered citadel located c. 100 km east of the Aegean coast in the Gediz Valley and is one of the few excavated sites from interior western Anatolia. The knife was recovered in the tower-like structure attached to the fortifications at the northwestern extent of the citadel. It belongs to a small group of solid-hilted knives (Sandars Class 4) known until recently only from elite graves and ritual contexts in the Peloponnese, Crete, Psara, and Troy. The knife shares decorative ribbing, a solid bronze knob at the end of its handle, and some other features with its Aegean counterparts. However, the geometric style of its decoration, such as the central herringbone-pattern, is unparalleled among Minoan and Mycenaean art, corresponding instead with geometric designs known from other western Anatolian finds. Therefore, the herringbone knife from Kaymakci, most probably the property of a member of the western Anatolian elite, is an outcome of the fusion of Aegean and western Anatolian traditions. Simultaneously, it is one of the first known examples of a local ornamental style, still poorly known due to the state of research in interior western Anatolia.Publication Open Access Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe(Nature Publishing Group (NPG), 2021) Rohrlach, A.B.; Papac, L.; Childebayeva, A.; Rivollat, M.; Villalba Mouco, V.; Neumann, G.U.; Penske, S.; Skourtanioti, E.; van de Loosdrecht, M.; Akar, M.; Boyadzhiev, K.; Boyadzhiev, Y.; Deguilloux, M.F.; Dobes, M.; Erdal, Y.S.; Ernée, M.; Frangipane, M.; Furmanek, M.; Friederich, S.; Ghesquière, E.; Ha?uszko, A.; Hansen, S.; Küßner, M.; Mannino, M.; Reinhold, S.; Rottier, S.; Salazar García, D.C.; Diaz, J.S.; Stockhammer, P.W.; de Togores Muñoz, C.R.; Yener, K.A.; Posth, C.; Krause, J.; Herbig, A.; Haak, W.; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Özbal, Rana; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 55583Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the ""mappable"" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe.Publication Open Access Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication(Nature Portfolio, 2021) Yurtman, Erinç; Özer, Onur; Yüncü, Eren; Dağtaş, Nihan Dilşad; Koptekin, Dilek; Çakan, Yasin Gökhan; Özkan, Mustafa; Akbaba, Ali; Kaptan, Damla; Atağ, Gözde; Vural, Kıvılcım Başak; Gündem, Can Yümni; Martin, Louise; Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Açan, Sinan Can; Yaka, Reyhan; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe; Krzewinska, Maja; Gunther, Torsten; Miranda, Pedro Morell; Pişkin, Evangelia; Sevketoğlu, Müge; Bilgin, C. Can; Atakuman, Ciğdem; Erdal, Yılmaz Selim; Sürer, Elif; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Lenstra, Johannes A.; Yorulmaz, Sevgi; Abazari, Mohammad Foad; Hoseinzadeh, Javad; Baird, Douglas; Bıcakcı, Erhan; Çevik, Özlem; Gerritsen, Fokke; Gotherstrom, Anders; Somel, Mehmet; Togan, İnci; Özer, Füsun; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Özbal, Rana; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 55583Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic.Publication Open Access Laser-aided profile measurement and cluster analysis of ceramic shapes(Taylor _ Francis, 2022) Demjan, Peter; Pavuk, Peter; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Roosevelt, Christopher Havemeyer; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 235115Ceramics are one of the commonest sources of archaeological information, yet their abundance often confounds documentation and analysis. This article presents a new method of documenting and analyzing ceramics that includes laser-aided profile measurement to capture ceramic shape and other information quickly and accurately, resulting in digital outputs suitable for both publication and morphometric analysis. Linked software and database solutions enable unsupervised machine learning to cluster shapes based on similarity, eventually assisting typological analysis. Following an overview of current practices in ceramic recording and both standard and computational shape classification analyses, the new approach is discussed in full as a documentary and analytical tool. A case study from the Middle and Late Bronze Age site of Kaymakci in western Anatolia demonstrates the benefits of the recording method and helps show that a combination of automated and manual shape clustering techniques currently remains the best practice in ceramic shape classification.Publication Open Access Exploring space, economy, and interregional interaction at a second-millennium B.C.E. citadel in central western Anatolia: 2014-2017 research at Kaymakçı(Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), 2018) Ünlüsoy, Sinan; Çakırlar, Canan; Marston, John M.; O'Grady, Caitlin R.; Pavuk, Peter; Pieniazek, Magda; Mokrisova, Jana; Scott, Catherine B.; Shin, Nami; Slim, Francesca G.; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Roosevelt, Christina Marie Luke; Roosevelt, Christopher Havemeyer; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED); College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 235112; N/ACurrent understandings of the archaeology of second-millennium B.C.E. central western Anatolia are enriched by ongoing research at Kaymakci, located in the Marmara Lake basin of the middle Gediz River valley in western Turkey. Discovered during regional survey in 2001, the site offers a critical node of exploration for understanding a previously unexamined period in a well-traversed geography thought to be the core of the Late Bronze Age Seha River Land known from I finite texts. Here we present results from the first three seasons of excavation on the citadel of Kaymakci plus a study season (2014-2017), introducing the site's chronology, historical and regional context, and significance through presentation of excavation areas as well as material and subsistence economies. With reference to such evidence, we discuss the site's development, organization, and interregional interactions, demonstrating its place in local and regional networks that connected Aegean and central Anatolian spheres of interest.Publication Open Access Wild Goat style ceramics at Troy and the impact of Archaic period colonisation on the Troad(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2013) Pernicka, Ernst; Department of Archeology and History of Art; Aslan, Carolyn Chabot; Faculty Member; Department of Archeology and History of Art; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 57663The establishment of colonies along the Hellespont by inhabitants of Ionia, Athens and Lesbos is well-known from historical texts. Recently, stratified contexts at Troy as well as other surveys and excavations have yielded new information about the chronology and material markers of Archaic period settlements in the Troad and the Gallipoli peninsula. The archaeological evidence for colonisation in this region is not clearly seen until the late seventh to early sixth century BC when there is a dramatic change in the material culture. Destruction evidence from Troy indicates that the new settlers probably entered a weakened and depopulated region in the second half of the seventh century BC. The Ionian colonists transplanted their pottery traditions and started production of East Greek style ceramics in the Troad. Neutron Activation Analysis of Wild Goat style ceramics found at Troy offers further confirmation for the existence of Hellespontine Wild Goat style ceramic production centres. The Wild Goat style examples from Troy help to define the characteristics of the Hellespontine group, as well as the chronology and impact of colonisation in this area.