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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/6
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Publication Open Access The variable selection problem in the Three Worlds of Welfare literature(Springer, 2019) Öker, İbrahim; Yıldırım, Kerem; Yakut-Çakar, Burcu; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982Based on a quantitative meta-analysis of empirical studies, this article points out a significant flaw in the Three Worlds of Welfare literature, the variable selection problem. Compiling, classifying, and quantitatively analysing all variables that have been employed in this literature, the article shows first that variable selection has depended more on case selection than on theory. Scholars tend to employ variables based on data availability, rather than selecting variables according to theoretical frameworks. Second, the use of welfare policy variables is mostly limited to the analysis of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, while studies analysing non-OECD countries, where data is limited, tend to use developmental outcome variables as a proxy. This tendency harms conceptualization and operationalization of welfare regimes, as well as blur the boundary between development and welfare regimes studies. Third, the use of original Esping-Andersen variables remains very limited, undermining continuity, comparability, and reliability within the literature.Publication Open Access Thirty years of the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: a review of reviews(Wiley, 2019) Powell, Martin; Bargu, Ali; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982In the 30 or so years since the publication of Gosta Esping‐Andersen's Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism a number of rival welfare state typologies have emerged. This article has two broad aims. First, we review the reviews of welfare state typologies, pointing to issues of often unclear case selection and a wide range of concepts, variables, and methods, resulting in a variety of worlds of welfare and their constituent nations. We show that there is a great variety in the welfare modelling business at two different levels. Reviews vary significantly in terms of the number and composition of included studies, which has made it difficult to sum up the “state of the art.” Individual studies included in the reviews also vary significantly in terms of issues such as aims, concepts, variables, and methods. Second, we produce a new review, which adds value as it is based on a clearer search strategy, and includes more recent material that was not available in earlier reviews. This finds that there is a great variety in terms of process (concepts, variables, methods, and number of countries) and findings (the number and composition of “worlds”). We argue that the country classification seems to show less consensus that previous reviews, with fewer “pure” nations (i.e., agreement between studies). We suggest that in order to provide a clear point of engagement, future reviews need to pay more attention to a clear and explicit search strategy, including issues such as inclusion criteria.Publication Open Access Indigenous unrest and the contentious politics of social assistance in Mexico(Elsevier, 2019) Öker, İbrahim; Şarlak, Lara; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982Is social assistance being used to contain ethnic and racial unrest in developing countries? There is agrowing literature on social assistance policies in the Global South, but this literature largely focuseson economic and demographic factors, underestimating the importance of contentious politics. The caseof Mexico shows that social assistance programs are disproportionately directed to indigenous popula-tions, leading to diminished protest participation. Drawing on data from the 2010, 2012 and 2014 roundsof the Latin American Public Opinion Project, we apply multivariate regression analysis to examine thedeterminants of social assistance program participation in Mexico. Our study finds that after controllingfor income, household size, age, education, and employment status, indigenous ethnic identity is a keydeterminant in who benefits from social assistance in Mexico. Our results show that high ethnic disparityin social assistance is not only due to higher poverty rates among the indigenous population. Rather,indigenous people receive more social assistance mainly because of their ethnic identity. In addition, thisstudy demonstrates that indigenous people who benefit from social assistance programs are less likely tojoin anti-government protests. We argue that this ethnic targeting in social assistance is a result of thefact that indigenous unrest has become a political threat for Mexican governments since the 1990s.These results yield substantive support in arguing that the Mexican government uses social assistanceto contain indigenous unrest. The existing literature, which is dominated by structuralist explanations,needs to strongly consider the contentious political drivers of social assistance provision in the GlobalSouth for a full grasp of the phenomenon. Social assistance in Mexico is driven by social unrest and thissuggests that similar ethnic, racial, religious and contentious political factors should be examined in otherdeveloping countries to understand social assistance provisions.Publication Open Access The rural roots of the rise of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey(Taylor _ Francis, 2019) Department of Sociology; Gürel, Burak; Küçük, Bermal; Taş, Sercan; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 219277; N/A; N/AThis paper puts forward four main arguments regarding the persistence of significant rural support of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalknma Partisi, AKP) in Turkey since late 2002. Firstly, since the previous coalition government implemented the harshest neoliberal measures in the agricultural sector, small farmers do not directly associate neoliberal assault with the AKP administration. Secondly, villagers have utilized both the ballot box and direct action in order to bargain with the AKP. Thirdly, although the AKP government did not fundamentally depart from neoliberalism, the return of agricultural subsidies, significant expansion of social assistance, and rapid infrastructure construction have secured a large rural following for the party. Finally, the AKP government has effectively used coercive methods to prevent the emergence of an emancipatory political alternative.Publication Open Access Random sampling in corpus design: cross-context generalizability in automated multicountry protest event collection(Sage, 2021) Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Hürriyetoğlu, Ali; Duruşan, Fırat; Yoltar, Çağrı; Faculty Member; Teaching Faculty; Researcher; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982; N/A; N/A; N/AWhat is the most optimal way of creating a gold standard corpus for training a machine learning system that is designed for automatically collecting protest information in a cross-country context? We show that creating a gold standard corpus for training and testing machine learning models on the basis of randomly chosen news articles from news archives yields better performance than selecting news articles on the basis of keyword filtering, which is the most prevalent method currently used in automated event coding. We advance this new bottom-up approach to ensure generalizability and reliability in cross-country comparative protest event collection from international and local news in different countries, languages, sources and time periods, which entails a large variety of event types, actors, and targets. We present the results of comparing our random-sample approach with keyword filtering. We show that the machine learning algorithms, and particularly state-of-the-art deep learning tools, perform much better when they are trained with the gold standard corpus from a randomly selected set of news articles from China, India, and South Africa. Finally, we also present our approach to overcome the major ethical issues that are intrinsic to protest event coding.Publication Open Access The lineage theory of the regional variation of individualism/collectivism in China(Frontiers, 2021) Gong, Weigang; Zhu, Meng; Xie, Tian; Department of Sociology; Gürel, Burak; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 219277China has undergone a rapid process of modernization since 1949. The modernization process has accelerated with the development of the market economy and rural-to-urban migration after the 1980s. Nevertheless, Chinese regions still exhibit substantial differences in terms of individualist/collectivist cultural orientations. The rice theory and the climato-economic theory have attempted to explain this variation by analyzing provincial-level data. Based on a quantitative analysis of more granular, county-level variables spanning from the early 1990s until 2010, we offer an alternative account of this cultural variety based on lineage development in different Chinese regions. Using the ArcGIS geographic information system, we first present the regional distribution of individualism/collectivism indicators at the county level through descriptive statistics and spatial analysis. We also run a regression model to analyze county-level data on individualism/collectivism that includes three periods (1990, 2000, and 2010). Our multi-level analysis shows that lineage development is a critical variable that explains more regional variation of culture in China when compared to other variables. While rice farming, the key variable of the rice theory, is a significant variable, its explanatory power is less than the lineage variable. Finally, our analysis shows that the climato-economic theory fails to explain the regional variation of culture.Publication Open Access A social revolution: politics and the welfare state in Iran(The University of Chicago Press, 2019) Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982