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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/6

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    PublicationOpen Access
    The variable selection problem in the Three Worlds of Welfare literature
    (Springer, 2019) Öker, İbrahim; Yıldırım, Kerem; Yakut-Çakar, Burcu; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982
    Based on a quantitative meta-analysis of empirical studies, this article points out a significant flaw in the Three Worlds of Welfare literature, the variable selection problem. Compiling, classifying, and quantitatively analysing all variables that have been employed in this literature, the article shows first that variable selection has depended more on case selection than on theory. Scholars tend to employ variables based on data availability, rather than selecting variables according to theoretical frameworks. Second, the use of welfare policy variables is mostly limited to the analysis of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, while studies analysing non-OECD countries, where data is limited, tend to use developmental outcome variables as a proxy. This tendency harms conceptualization and operationalization of welfare regimes, as well as blur the boundary between development and welfare regimes studies. Third, the use of original Esping-Andersen variables remains very limited, undermining continuity, comparability, and reliability within the literature.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Discovering Black Lives Matter events in the United States: Shared Task 3, CASE 2021
    (Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2021) Giorgi, Salvatore; Zavarella, Vanni; Tanev, Hristo; Stefanovitch, Nicolas; Hwang, Sy; Hettiarachchi, Hansi; Ranasinghe, Tharindu; Kalyan, Vivek; Tan, Paul; Tan, Shaun; Andrews, Martin; Hu, Tiancheng; Stoehr, Niklas; Re, Francesco Ignazio; Vegh, Daniel; Atzenhofer, Dennis; Curtis, Brenda; Department of Sociology; Hürriyetoğlu, Ali; Teaching Faculty; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities
    Evaluating the state-of-the-art event detection systems on determining spatio-temporal distribution of the events on the ground is performed unfrequently. But, the ability to both (1) extract events ""in the wild"" from text and (2) properly evaluate event detection systems has potential to support a wide variety of tasks such as monitoring the activity of socio-political movements, examining media coverage and public support of these movements, and informing policy decisions. Therefore, we study performance of the best event detection systems on detecting Black Lives Matter (BLM) events from tweets and news articles. The murder of George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, at the hands of police officers received global attention throughout the second half of 2020. Protests against police violence emerged worldwide and the BLM movement, which was once mostly regulated to the United States, was now seeing activity globally. This shared task asks participants to identify BLM related events from large unstructured data sources, using systems pretrained to extract socio-political events from text. We evaluate several metrics, assessing each system's ability to evolution of protest events both temporally and spatially. Results show that identifying daily protest counts is an easier task than classifying spatial and temporal protest trends simultaneously, with maximum performance of 0.745 (Spearman) and 0.210 (Pearson r), respectively. Additionally, all baselines and participant systems suffered from low recall (max.5.08), confirming the high impact of media sourcing in the modelling of protest movements.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Contentious welfare: the Kurdish conflict and social policy as counterinsurgency in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2020) Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Yoltar, Çağrı; Faculty Member; Researcher; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982; N/A
    The period since the 1990s has witnessed the expanding political influence of the Kurdish movement across the country as well as a transformation in the welfare system, manifesting itself mainly in the emergence of extensive social assistance programs. While Turkish social assistance policy has been formally neutral regarding who is entitled to state aid, Kurds have been de facto singled out by these new welfare programs, as is shown by existing quantitative work. Based on a discourse analysis of legislation, parliamentary proceedings, and news media, this article examines the ways in which Turkish governments and policymakers consider the Kurdish question in designing welfare policies. We illustrate that Kurdish mobilization has become a central theme that informed the transformation of Turkish welfare system over the past three decades.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    PROTEST-ER: retraining BERT for protest event extraction
    (Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2021) Caselli, Tommaso; Basile, Angelo; Department of Sociology; Department of Computer Engineering; Hürriyetoğlu, Ali; Mutlu, Osman; Teaching Faculty; Researcher; Department of Sociology; Department of Computer Engineering; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Engineering
    We analyze the effect of further pre-training BERT with different domain specific data as an unsupervised domain adaptation strategy for event extraction. Portability of event extraction models is particularly challenging, with large performance drops affecting data on the same text genres (e.g., news). We present PROTEST-ER, a retrained BERT model for protest event extraction. PROTEST-ER outperforms a corresponding generic BERT on out-of-domain data of 8.1 points. Our best performing models reach 51.91-46.39 F1 across both domains.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Thirty years of the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: a review of reviews
    (Wiley, 2019) Powell, Martin; Bargu, Ali; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982
    In the 30 or so years since the publication of Gosta Esping‐Andersen's Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism a number of rival welfare state typologies have emerged. This article has two broad aims. First, we review the reviews of welfare state typologies, pointing to issues of often unclear case selection and a wide range of concepts, variables, and methods, resulting in a variety of worlds of welfare and their constituent nations. We show that there is a great variety in the welfare modelling business at two different levels. Reviews vary significantly in terms of the number and composition of included studies, which has made it difficult to sum up the “state of the art.” Individual studies included in the reviews also vary significantly in terms of issues such as aims, concepts, variables, and methods. Second, we produce a new review, which adds value as it is based on a clearer search strategy, and includes more recent material that was not available in earlier reviews. This finds that there is a great variety in terms of process (concepts, variables, methods, and number of countries) and findings (the number and composition of “worlds”). We argue that the country classification seems to show less consensus that previous reviews, with fewer “pure” nations (i.e., agreement between studies). We suggest that in order to provide a clear point of engagement, future reviews need to pay more attention to a clear and explicit search strategy, including issues such as inclusion criteria.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Indigenous unrest and the contentious politics of social assistance in Mexico
    (Elsevier, 2019) Öker, İbrahim; Şarlak, Lara; Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982
    Is social assistance being used to contain ethnic and racial unrest in developing countries? There is agrowing literature on social assistance policies in the Global South, but this literature largely focuseson economic and demographic factors, underestimating the importance of contentious politics. The caseof Mexico shows that social assistance programs are disproportionately directed to indigenous popula-tions, leading to diminished protest participation. Drawing on data from the 2010, 2012 and 2014 roundsof the Latin American Public Opinion Project, we apply multivariate regression analysis to examine thedeterminants of social assistance program participation in Mexico. Our study finds that after controllingfor income, household size, age, education, and employment status, indigenous ethnic identity is a keydeterminant in who benefits from social assistance in Mexico. Our results show that high ethnic disparityin social assistance is not only due to higher poverty rates among the indigenous population. Rather,indigenous people receive more social assistance mainly because of their ethnic identity. In addition, thisstudy demonstrates that indigenous people who benefit from social assistance programs are less likely tojoin anti-government protests. We argue that this ethnic targeting in social assistance is a result of thefact that indigenous unrest has become a political threat for Mexican governments since the 1990s.These results yield substantive support in arguing that the Mexican government uses social assistanceto contain indigenous unrest. The existing literature, which is dominated by structuralist explanations,needs to strongly consider the contentious political drivers of social assistance provision in the GlobalSouth for a full grasp of the phenomenon. Social assistance in Mexico is driven by social unrest and thissuggests that similar ethnic, racial, religious and contentious political factors should be examined in otherdeveloping countries to understand social assistance provisions.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Söylem, temsil, faillik ve anlatı: yeni yoksulluk literatürünün bir eleştirisi
    (Denta Florya ADSM Limited Company (DENTAWORLD), 2017) Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982
    In this article, a theoretical critique of the new poverty concept is presented. The New poverty concept has been increasingly used in the fields of development and social policy and it refers to a new stratum in the society. In this article, the new poverty concept is analysed in the light of the work of Michael Foucault, Edward Said, Ranajit Guha and Margaret Somers and a critique of the new poverty literature is presented using the theoretical framework regarding the concepts of discourse, representation, agency and narrative. As a result of this critique, it is emphasized that the non-critical use of the new poverty concept bears the risk of reconstructing the aforementioned population as a passive and victimised group.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Çin’in yükselişi ve yeni kapitalizm
    (Sosyoekonomi Society, 2018) Department of Sociology; Yörük, Erdem; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 28982
    This article presents a theoretical discussion about the new forms of capitalism in the context of the economic and political rise of China. The article raises a discussion on the changes that the rise of China has instigated in both China and the world capitalism. This is considered in the context of mode of production, international trade, state and capital, by analysing China and capitalism from the perspective of long historical periods. In doing this, the article benefits from the work of and polemics between Giovanni Arrighi, Joel Andreas ve Richard Walker, who provided very important contemporary debates on this issue in the field of historical sociology.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Cross-context news corpus for protest event-related knowledge base construction
    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press, 2021) Department of Sociology; N/A; Department of Computer Engineering; Yörük, Erdem; Hürriyetoğlu, Ali; Gürel, Burak; Duruşan, Fırat; Yoltar, Çağrı; Mutlu, Osman; Yüret, Deniz; Faculty Member; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Researcher; Researcher; Faculty Member; Department of Sociology; Department of Computer Engineering; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; College of Engineering; 28982; N/A; 219277; N/A; N/A; N/A; 179996
    We describe a gold standard corpus of protest events that comprise various local and international English language sources from various countries. The corpus contains document-, sentence-, and token-level annotations. This corpus facilitates creating machine learning models that automatically classify news articles and extract protest event-related information, constructing knowledge bases that enable comparative social and political science studies. For each news source, the annotation starts with random samples of news articles and continues with samples drawn using active learning. Each batch of samples is annotated by two social and political scientists, adjudicated by an annotation supervisor, and improved by identifying annotation errors semi-automatically. We found that the corpus possesses the variety and quality that are necessary to develop and benchmark text classification and event extraction systems in a cross-context setting, contributing to the generalizability and robustness of automated text processing systems. This corpus and the reported results will establish a common foundation in automated protest event collection studies, which is currently lacking in the literature.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Multilingual protest news detection - shared task 1, CASE 2021
    (Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2021) Liza, Farhana Ferdousi; Kumar, Ritesh; Ratan, Shyam; Department of Sociology; Department of Computer Engineering; Hürriyetoğlu, Ali; Yörük, Erdem; Mutlu, Osman; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Researcher; Department of Sociology; Department of Computer Engineering; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; N/A; 28982; N/A
    Benchmarking state-of-the-art text classification and information extraction systems in multilingual, cross-lingual, few-shot, and zero-shot settings for socio-political event information collection is achieved in the scope of the shared task Socio-political and Crisis Events Detection at the workshop CASE @ ACL-IJCNLP 2021. Socio-political event data is utilized for national and international policy- and decision-making. Therefore, the reliability and validity of such datasets are of utmost importance. We split the shared task into three parts to address the three aspects of data collection (Task 1), fine-grained semantic classification (Task 2), and evaluation (Task 3). Task 1, which is the focus of this report, is on multilingual protest news detection and comprises four subtasks that are document classification (subtask 1), sentence classification (subtask 2), event sentence coreference identification (sub-task 3), and event extraction (subtask 4). All subtasks have English, Portuguese, and Spanish for both training and evaluation data. Data in Hindi language is available only for the evaluation of subtask 1. The majority of the submissions, which are 238 in total, are created using multi- and cross-lingual approaches. Best scores are between 77.27 and 84.55 F1-macro for subtask 1, between 85.32 and 88.61 F1-macro for subtask 2, between 84.23 and 93.03 CoNLL 2012 average score for subtask 3, and between 66.20 and 78.11 F1-macro for subtask 4 in all evaluation settings. The performance of the best system for subtask 4 is above 66.20 F1 for all available languages. Although there is still a significant room for improvement in cross-lingual and zero-shot settings, the best submissions for each evaluation scenario yield remarkable results. Monolingual models outperformed the multilingual models in a few evaluation scenarios, in which there is relatively much training data.