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    PublicationOpen Access
    Interval timing, dopamine, and motivation
    (Brill, 2014) Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269
    The dopamine clock hypothesis suggests that the dopamine level determines the speed of the hypothetical internal clock. However, dopaminergic function has also been implicated for motivation and thus the effect of dopaminergic manipulations on timing behavior might also be independently mediated by altered motivational state. Studies that investigated the effect of motivational manipulations on peak responding are reviewed in this paper. The majority of these studies show that a higher reward magnitude leads to a leftward shift, whereas reward devaluation leads to a rightward shift in the initiation of timed anticipatory behavior, typically in the absence of an effect on the timing of response termination. Similar behavioral effects are also present in a number of studies that investigated the effect of dopamine agonists and dopamine-related genetic factors on peak responding. These results can be readily accounted for by independent modulation of decision-thresholds for the initiation and termination of timed responding.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Comparison of the results of blood glucose self-monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with previous diabetes mellitus
    (Moscow Region Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 2015) Dreval, A. V.; Shestakova, T. P.; Dreval, O. A.; Kulikov, D. A.; Medvedev, O. S.; Department of Industrial Engineering; Türkay, Metin; Faculty Member; Department of Industrial Engineering; College of Engineering; 24956
    Background: Pregnancy is one of the indications for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The data on its efficiency in pregnant women are contradictory. Aim: To compare the results of blood glucose self-monitoring (SMBG) and CGM in pregnant women with previous diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional comparative study of glycemia in 18 pregnant women with previous type 1 (87.8% of patients) and type 2 diabetes (22.2% of patients) with various degrees of glycemic control. Their age was 27.7 ± 4.9 year. At study entry, the patients were at 17.2 ± 6.1 weeks of gestation. CGM and SMBG were performed in and by all patients for the duration of 5.4 ± 1.5 days. Depending on their hba1c levels, all patients were divided into two groups: group 1 – 12 women with the hba1c above the target (8.5 ± 1%), and group 2 – 6 women with the hba1c levels within the target (5.6 ± 0.3%). Results: According to SMBG results, women from group 2 had above-the-target glycemia levels before breakfast, at 1 hour after breakfast and at bedtime: 6.2 ± 1.6, 8.7 ± 2.1, and 5.7 ± 1.9 mmol/L, respectively. According to CGM, patients from group 1 had higher postprandial glycemia than those from group 2 (8.0 ± 2.1 and 6.9 ± 1.8 mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.03). The analysis of glycemia during the day time revealed significant difference between the groups only at 1 hour after dinner (7.1 ± 1.4 mmol/L in group 1 and 5.8 ± 0.9 mmol/L in group 2, р = 0.041) and the difference was close to significant before lunch (6.0 ± 2.2 mmol/L in group 1 and 4.8 ± 1.0 mmol/L in group 2, р = 0.053). Comparison of SMBG and CGM results demonstrated significant difference only at one timepoint (at 1 hour after lunch) and only in group 1: median glycemia was 7.4 [6.9; 8.1] mmol/L by SMBG and 6 [5.4; 6.6] mmol/L by CGM measurement (р = 0.001). Lower median values by CGM measurement could be explained by averaging of three successive measurements carried out in the period of rapid changes of glycemia. Conclusion: The achievement of control of diabetes by hba1c doesn't necessarily reflect current achievement of the target glycemic levels. As long as there was no significant difference in glycemia measured by SMBG and CGM, we conclude that CGM doesn't have any advantage over routine frequent SMBG in pregnant women.