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Publication Metadata only A comparative study of returns to education of urban men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2009) Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad; Assaad, Ragui; Department of Economics; Tunalı, Fehmi İnsan; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 105635This paper presents a comparative study of private returns to schooling of urban men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey using similar survey data and a uniform methodology. We employ three surveys for each country that span nearly two decades, from the 1980s to 2006, and, to increase the comparability of the estimates across surveys, we focus on urban men 20-54 years old and in full time wage and salary employment. Our aim is to learn how the monetary signals of rewards that guide individual decisions to invest in education are shaped by the institutions of education and labor markets in these countries. Our estimates generally support the stylized facts of the institutions of education and labor markets in Middle Eastern countries. Their labor markets have been described as dominated by the public sector and therefore relatively inflexible, and their education systems as more focused on secondary and tertiary degrees than teaching practical and productive skills. Returns in all countries are increasing in years of schooling, which is contrary to the Mincer assumption of linear returns but consistent with overemphasis on secondary and tertiary degrees. Low returns to vocational training relative to general upper secondary, which have been observed in many developing countries, are observed in Egypt and Iran, but not Turkey. This pattern of returns across countries seems to correspond to how students are selected into vocational and general upper secondary tracks, which is an important part of the education institutions of these countries, and the fact that Turkey's economy is more open than the other two. Greater competitiveness in all three countries over time seems to have increased returns to university education and in few cases to vocational education, but not to general high school.Publication Metadata only Down and up the “U” – A synthetic cohort (panel) analysis of female labor force participation in Turkey, 1988–2013(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Kırdar, Murat G.; Dayıoğlu, Meltem; Department of Economics; Tunalı, Fehmi İnsan; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 105635We study the aggregate labor force participation behavior of women over a 25-year period in Turkey using a synthetic panel approach. In our decomposition of age, year, and cohort effects, we use three APC models that have received close scrutiny of the demography community. The exercise is repeated by rural/urban status and by education to tease out some key differences in behavior. Our comparative methodology yields remarkably consistent profiles for most subsamples, but not all. Notably all methods reveal an M-shaped age profile attributable to child-bearing related interruptions in rural areas and for low-educated women in urban areas. We also find that younger cohorts among the least-educated women are more likely to participate, contrary to the belief that culture stands in the way. The evidence we compiled confirms that Turkey has reached the turning point of the U-shaped pattern in female labor force participation observed in countries where agriculture initially accounts for a large fraction of employment. We dwell on methodological issues throughout the paper and seek explanations for the occasional fragility of the methods. We establish that evolution of the linear trend present in the cross-section age profiles is responsible for the differences in the findings. Despite the apparent inconsistency, the models we use are consistent in recovering the turning points of the age, period, and cohort profiles.Publication Metadata only Education abroad and post-graduation location choices: an inquiry on Turkish Republic citizens studying in the United States of America(Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, 2020) Department of Economics; Demirci, Murat; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 272082This study analyzes education and post-graduation residency choices of students who go abroad from Turkey to pursue higher education. It has been found that most students have chosen to study in countries where the university system is advanced and the quality of academic publishing is better than Turkey. The analysis of students who have taken education in the United States as the most commonly preferred country has shown that the majority of students has attended in the master’s- and doctoral-level programs. In addition, it has been observed that Turkish citizens studying at the bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate levels in the United States were more likely to study in technical fields, such as engineering and computing, compared to university students of the same level in Turkey. It has been also found that a nonnegligible ratio of Turkish students in the United States, such as 21 percent, has enrolled in universities that are considered among the best 100 universities in the world. Although the abundance of Turkish students studying abroad in prominent universities seems to be a richness for Turkey, whether this richness benefits the Turkish economy depends on the rate at which these students return to Turkey after their graduation. To understand the return rate, whether the initial residency choice was the United States or not has been analyzed for all Turkish graduates of American universities who started their studies in the 2005-2015 period. It has been found that most of these students, such as 70 percent of master’s and doctoral degree holders, have continued to stay initially in the United States. Lastly, the longterm residency choices of students who graduated from three American universities have been analyzed, and it has been found that the ratio of them who returned to Turkey 10 years after their graduation has stayed at a low level of 40 percent. / Öz: Makalemizde Türkiye’den yurt dışına üniversite eğitimi almak için giden öğrencilerin eğitim ve mezuniyet sonrası yerleşim tercihleri incelenmiştir. Türkiye’den yurt dışına çıkan uluslararası öğrencilerin ülke tercihlerini incelemek için UNESCO (Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü) verisi kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğunun üniversite sistemleri gelişmiş ve akademik yayın kalitesi Türkiye’den daha iyi olan ülkeleri tercih ettiği saptanmıştır. En çok tercih edilen ülke olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde eğitim alan öğrenciler incelendiğinde ise çoğunluğun yüksek lisans ve doktora seviyesinde eğitim aldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, Amerikan üniversitelerinde eğitim alan lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora öğrencilerinin Türkiye’de benzer seviye eğitim alan üniversite öğrencilerine kıyasla daha yüksek bir oranının mühendislik ve bilişim gibi teknik alanlarda eğitim almayı tercih ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Türkiye’den Amerikan üniversitelerine eğitim almaya giden öğrencilerin %21 gibi azımsanmayacak bir oranının dünyanın en iyi 100 üniversitesi arasında kabul edilen kurumlarda eğitim aldıkları bulunmuştur. Her ne kadar yurt dışındaki kaliteli kurumlarda eğitim alan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (T.C.) vatandaşlarının fazlalığı bir zenginlik olarak düşünülse de bu zenginliğin Türkiye ekonomisi için katkıya dönüşmesi bu öğrencilerin Türkiye’ye geri dönme oranına bağlıdır. Geri dönme oranını anlamak için Amerikan üniversitelerinde 2005-2015 yılları arasında eğitim almaya başlayıp mezun olan bütün T.C. vatandaşlarının ilk yerleşim tercihinin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin büyük çoğunluğunun, örneğin yüksek lisans ve doktora programı mezunlarının %70’i gibi, mezuniyetten sonra Amerika’da kalmaya devam ettiği görülmüştür. Son olarak, üç farklı Amerikan üniversitesinden mezun olan öğrencilerin daha uzun dönemli yerleşim tercihleri analiz edilmiş ve mezuniyetten 10 yıl sonra Türkiye’ye dönenlerin oranının %40 gibi düşük bir seviyede kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.Publication Metadata only History matters for the export decision: plant-level evidence from Turkish manufacturing industry(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Özler, Şule; Taymaz, Erol; Department of Economics; Yılmaz, Kamil; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 6111We analyze the export decision of Turkish manufacturing plants from 1990 to 2001. In addition to the presence of high Sunk costs of entry in export market,,, we find support for the hypothesis that the full history of exporting matters for the current export decision. However, the effect of the past export experience on current export decision depreciates rapidly with time: recent export market participation matters more than the participation further in the past. Finally, while persistence in exporting helps lower the costs of re-entry today, there are diminishing returns to export experience. The results are robust to several plant characteristics (plant size, technology, composition of the employment), and the spillovers from the presence of exporters in the same industry.