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Publication Metadata only Afghan migration through Turkey to Europe: seeking refuge, forming diaspora, and becoming citizens(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) N/A; Department of International Relations; N/A; İçduygu, Ahmet; Karadağ, Sibel; Faculty Member; Researcher; Department of International Relations; Migration Research Program at Koç University (MIReKoç) / Göç Araştırmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (MIReKoç); College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/A; 207882; N/AThis paper aims to investigate the Afghan-Turkish-European region migration system in light of migration system theory, which provides a comprehensive framework by asking the question of how a set of linkages including some macro-, meso- and micro-level variables relate to the larger context of migratory settings. Relating the roles of various structures, institutions and networks to the operation of the social, political and economic relationships, it seeks to analyze the dynamics of Afghan migration heading to Turkey and Europe in a historically contextualized way. The paper argues that one must focus on the root causes of flows, which are related to the presence of fragility of the Afghan state together with the continuation of flows via networks enabling the maintenance of migrants' links to home, transit and destination countries.Publication Metadata only An inquiry into the linkage among nationalizing policies, democratization, and ethno-nationalist conflict: the Kurdish case in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) N/A; Department of International Relations; Mousseau, Demet Yalçın; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AThis article analyzes the effects of nationalizing policies of the state, processes of democratization, and uneven socio-economic development on the rise of Kurdish ethno-mobilization led by the PKK terrorist organization since the 1980s in Turkey. Three features of the Turkish modernization context are identified as conducive for the rise and continuation of Kurdish ethno-mobilization: a) a nation-building autocratic state that resisted granting cultural rights and recognition for the Kurds; b) democratization with the exclusion of ethnic politics and rights; c) economic regional inequality that coincided with the regional distribution of the Kurdish population. It is argued that autocratic policies of the state during nation-building accompanied the development of an illiberal democracy and intolerance for cultural pluralism. These aspects of Turkish democracy seem to be incompatible with both the liberal and consociational models of democracy that accommodate ethnicity within multiculturalism.Publication Metadata only Between europeanization and euro-asianism: foreign policy activism in Turkey during the AKP era(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2009) N/A; Department of International Relations; Department of International Relations; Öniş, Ziya; Yılmaz, Şuhnaz Özbağcı; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 7715; 46805Focusing on Turkish foreign policy in the post-Cold War era, this paper argues that the period can be divided into three distinct phases: an initial wave of foreign policy activism in the immediate post-Cold War context; a new or second wave of foreign policy activism during the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalknma Partisi, AKP) government era with a strong emphasis on Europeanization; and the more recent tension between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism. This paper argues that during the AKP era Turkey maintained considerable continuity in terms of foreign policy activism and a multilateral approach to policymaking. Yet at the same time, a certain discontinuity or rupture can be identified starting in the middle of the first AKP government's reign, signifying a shift from a commitment to deep Europeanization to loose Europeanization along with a parallel shift to a soft Euro-Asianism. Ultimately, the interaction between an intricate set of priorities on the domestic and international fronts will determine the future path of Turkish foreign policy.Publication Metadata only Breaking with Europe's pasts: memory, reconciliation, and ontological (In) security(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Department of International Relations; Rumelili, Bahar; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 51356The European Union is widely credited for consolidating a democratic "security community" in Europe, and bringing about a definitive break with war-torn and authoritarian/totalitarian pasts in many European countries. Drawing on recent discussions in ontological security studies, this article points out that these radical breaks may have come at the expense of ontological insecurity at the societal and individual levels in Europe. While conventional teleological narratives often treat reconciliation and breaking with the past as automatic by-products of European integration, ontological security theory calls for greater attention to the societal tensions and anxieties triggered by these transformations and how they are being managed -more or less successfully - through reconciliation dynamics and memory politics in different societal settings. Illustrating the variation in a number of cases, this article claims that a systematic comparative analysis of the different dynamics of reconciliation and memory politics in different European societies is central to analyzing European integration from an ontological security perspective.Publication Metadata only Central Asia in transition: dilemmas of political and economic development - rumer,b(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 1997) N/A; Department of International Relations; Kubicek, Paul J.; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AN/APublication Metadata only Comparing public attitudes on EU membership in candidate countries: the cases of Croatia, Macedonia and Turkey from 2004 to 2011(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Department of International Relations; N/A; Çarkoğlu, Ali; Glüpker-Kesebir, Gitta; Faculty Member; PhD Student; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 125588; N/APast enlargements of the European Union (EU) have demonstrated that public attitudes on European integration can influence the course of accession processes. Beyond the literature on public EU support in member states and former candidates, the dynamics that shape public attitudes on EU membership within recent candidate countries have not been systematically examined. Analysing nine Eurobarometer (EB) surveys from 2004 to 2011, we argue that evaluations of EU membership in Croatia, Macedonia and Turkey are shaped by utilitarian considerations, belief in various political institutions as well as the fear of losing national identity. The economic crisis of 2008 has changed public opinion towards EU membership in all three countries, but Turkey appears to have been affected the most compared to Croatia and Macedonia.Publication Metadata only Contesting for Turkey's political 'centre': domestic politics, identity conflicts and the controversy over EU membership(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2010) N/A; Department of International Relations; Öniş, Ziya; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 7715Westernization' has been a major goal for Turkish political elites in the contemporary era. the roots of this interest can be traced to the late Ottoman times. Westernization in this context is synonymous with modernization, progress and reaching the highest civilizational standards; in other words, obtaining a first division status in terms of economic performance, democratic credentials and other performance criteria that one could identify. Becoming a member of the European 'club' was a natural objective in this direction. although frequent references have been made regarding the value of Turkish membership in terms of its contribution to fostering intercivilization dialogue, possible economic benefits and enhancement of European security, there is no doubt that the primary emphasis has been on the role that EU membership could play in Turkey's own national transformation. indeed, in the recent era, the dramatic impact of the Europeanization process in Turkey can be observed, motivated by the signal for full-membership in the three interrelated areas of the economy, democratization process and foreign policy behaviour. in spite of a decline of momentum in recent years, it is very much a real and on-going process which would be very hard to reverse.Publication Metadata only Democratic consolidation and civil society in Turkey(Routledge, 2014) Keyman, E. Fuat; Department of International Relations; Kancı, Tuba; Researcher; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AN/APublication Metadata only Democratic consolidation in Turkey: micro and macro challenges(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) N/A; Department of International Relations; Öniş, Ziya; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 7715N/APublication Metadata only Determinants of tax evasion by households: evidence from Turkey(Taylor and Francis, 2013) Adaman, Fikret; Department of International Relations; Çarkoğlu, Ali; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 125588Tax evasion, defined as intentional and fraudulent activities by economic agents to escape paying taxes, has been of great importance to Turkey, bringing about considerable economic and societal costs. It is now clear that both business and households in the country are indeed looking for ways to evade taxes of all sorts, thereby contributing to the shrinking of revenues collected through the tax system. More specifically, collected tax revenues in Turkey barely reach one-quarter of the national GDP (it was 23.7 per cent in 2007), while figures for OECD and EU countries fluctuate at close to two-fifths of their GDPs (the EU15 and OECD figures for 2007 were 38.8 per cent and 35.8 per cent, respectively) (Zenginobuz et al. 2010). This difference comes about not because the state lacks the desire to collect taxes at levels comparable to the EU average, but because it is largely unable to do so. Zenginobuz and Tokgöz offer a striking example of the extent of tax evasion, arguing that in 2008 in Turkey, VAT evasion was at 41 per cent (calculated as the difference between the potential income tax people should normally pay – based on consumption figures revealed in a country-wide comprehensive household survey – and the actual amount of collected taxes) (Zenginobuz and Tokgöz 2010). Furthermore, since income tax evasion seems to be relatively easier than consumption tax evasion in a value-added tax environment, the composition of tax revenues in Turkey hinges on another anomaly: Roughly speaking, only one-third of tax revenue is generated through direct taxes, while the remainder comes from indirect taxation – a picture that is almost completely reversed in most developed countries