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Publication Metadata only A tale of ambiguity: citizenship, nationalism and democracy in Turkey(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Keyman, Emin Fuat; Department of International Relations; Kancı, Tuba; Researcher; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AWe argue that historically the official Turkish nationalism and citizenship regime have been marked by an ambiguity that arises from the simultaneous existence of - and repeatedly occurring swings between - the ethno-centric and civic-political understandings of citizenship. We also suggest that the concept of territoriality, which took precedence over other factors in the creation of a new state in 1923, has functioned as a hegemonic reference in the official conceptualisations of the Turkish nation and self. The territorial focus, over time, has been conflated with the ethnic conceptualisations of the nation: both become the underlining elements of the discourse of official nationalism in Turkey, and are utilised in the successive reformulations of citizenship into the 2000s. Through the analysis of schoolbooks and curricula, we further argue that the major oscillations in nationalism nevertheless coincided with the ruptures that characterised the making of modern Turkey: modernisation, democratisation, globalisation and Europeanisation.Publication Metadata only Cognitive political networks: A structural approach to measure political polarization in multiparty systems(Elsevier, 2022) N/A; Department of International Relations; Department of International Relations; Department of International Relations; Ertan, Güneş; Çarkoğlu, Ali; Aytaç, Selim Erdem; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 219276; 125588; 224278While there is a well-established literature on measuring political polarization in two-party systems, relational approaches to polarization in multiparty systems are still very limited. In this paper we develop a network-based approach for measuring perceived party polarization in survey studies that is suitable for multiparty systems. Our approach is based on cognitive social structures design. We generate a cognitive political network for each respondent in a nationally representative survey in Turkey by asking respondents their perceived ties among all possible dyadic relations among major political parties. From these networks we calculate multiple whole network measures that may be reasonable proxies for perceived party polarization. We compare our approach with the Left-Right political ideology distance scale commonly used in survey studies. Our analyses show that the association between our measure and the Left-Right ideological distance is limited. The cognitive political network approach may be a flexible and a direct alternative for measuring political phenomena in survey studies such as perceived party polarization in multiparty contexts.Publication Metadata only Constructing plural solidarities(Sur - Rede Universitaria de Direitos Humanos, 2016) N/A; Department of History; Department of International Relations; Karaman, Semanur; Undergraduate Student; Department of History; Department of International Relations; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; N/AReflecting on two recent initiatives from the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) - the #PracticeSolidarity campaign and the 13th International AWID Forum held in Brazil in September 2016 - Semanur Karaman considers the elements in creating plural solidarities for women, trans* and intersex activisms and struggles. Through drawing on her own experience and that of her fellow activists, she notes firstly the importance of viewing the issue through the lens of intersectionality. She goes on to describe how solidarities can be created and stresses the importance of tailor made approaches as well as the requirement for trust, openness and creativity. Semanur does not shy away from setting out the tensions that can be involved in this process - for example the sense of unfairness which can manifest or the fact that solidarity is not evenly distributed across the struggles and movements. Drawing on inspirational examples throughout, Semanur concludes by emphasising that solidarities must be wellbeing-centered and accessible to all women, trans* and intersex activists regardless of language, socio- economic factors or other obstacles.Publication Metadata only EU-ization matters: changes in immigration and asylum practices in Turkey(Palgrave, 2007) N/A; Department of International Relations; İçduygu, Ahmet; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 207882Turkey’s transformation over the course of the last two decades into a land of immigration is one of the most significant features of its recent history and very much an issue of debate in the European Union (EU). As Turkey has been increasingly confronted with large-scale immigration and asylum flows, this relatively new migration phenomenon has had a number of social, economic and political implications, not only for the country, but also in the wider context of Europe (İçduygu 2004: 93; 2003: 7; Kirişçi 2002: 7–10). In particular, the EU’s Helsinki decisions of December 1999, which declared the candidacy of Turkey to the EU membership, brought forward new questions and concerns in the area of immigration policies and practices in Turkey. One of the most widely debated issues in this context is the ‘management of migration and asylum flows’ arriving in the country, and in particular the question of how Turkey’s state institutions and legal frameworks would handle the phenomena of immigration and asylum. These debates have made clear that the health and stability of Turkey’s Integration into the EU depend not only on the economic, social and political transformations in the country, but also on specific policy matters. This chapter addresses the transformation of national immigration policies and practices in Turkey with regard to the role played by the EU’s promotion of the notion of ‘migration management’ in the process of European integration.Publication Metadata only Making citizens: public rituals and personal journeys to citizenship(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Department of International Relations; Olcay, Özlem Altan; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 104197N/APublication Metadata only Omission and commission errors in network cognition and network estimation using roc curve(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Yenigun, Deniz; Siciliano, Michael; Department of International Relations; Ertan, Güneş; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 219276Network studies on cognitive social structures collect relational data on respondents' direct ties and their perception of ties among all other individuals in the network. When reporting their perception networks, respondents commit two types of errors, namely, omission (false negatives) and commission (false positives) errors. We first assess the relationship between these two error types, and their contributions on overall respondent accuracy. Next we propose a method for estimating networks based on perceptions of a random sample of respondents from a bounded social network, which utilizes the receiver operator characteristic curve for balancing the tradeoffs between omission and commission errors. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Protest, memory, and the production of 'civilized' citizens: two cases from Turkey and Lebanon(Routledge, 2012) Department of International Relations; Olcay, Özlem Altan; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and EconomicsThis article studies the proliferation of discourses of rationality and responsibility among a particular elite social group in Lebanon and Turkey, as they remember student mobilization of their past. I offer these episodes of student mobilization as acts of citizenship that create and make use of rapturous moments in the histories of their countries and institutions. I extend these acts of citizenship to the contemporary context and study the ways in which they become part of discourses of citizenship in unexpected ways. I propose that these narratives draw upon a set of local practices that reflect meanings of citizenship, originating from Western discourses of liberalism, albeit following a different route. In the narratives, violence and irrationality become the defining features of politicized behavior, whereas being civilized epitomizes good manners and rationality. Such boundary-drawing exercises contribute to making conceivable exclusionary social orders based on the idea of a hierarchical distribution of reason and social utility.Publication Metadata only Strategic citizens of America: transnational inequalities and transformation of citizenship(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2016) Balta, Evren; Department of International Relations; Olcay, Özlem Altan; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 104197This article analyses the process whereby 'natural' citizens of one country mobilize their resources so that their children receive by birthright, the citizenship of a rich liberal democracy. Utilizing the case of Turkish upper classes, who give birth in the USA in order to benefit from the jus soli principle, we trace the emergence of new inequalities at the intersection of multiple citizenship regimes. We show that, by mobilizing resources in markets of health care, travel, and real estate, those with means can acquire US citizenship for their children in expectation of future benefits. Because they are able to access 'valuable' citizenships, these actors can strategically combine privileges within nation states with inequalities between citizenship regimes at the global level for the children. Their differential access to citizenship enhances the gate-keeping functions of citizenship. Based on these observations, we draw an analogy between citizenship and property regimes, understood broadly.Publication Open Access The impact of remittances on human development: a quantitative analysis and policy implications(Centre of Sociological Research (CSE), 2012) Irdam, Darja; Department of International Relations; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 238439This paper contributes to the discussions on the nexus between migration and development by assessing the effects of remittances on human development. We do so first through a quantitative approach, and second, by elaborating the findings of our quantitative analysis within a broader theoretical and policy framework. By using OLS, we measure the impact of remittances on human development and compare it with the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA). The findings indicate that remittances have a positive correlation with the human development level and are indeed an effective way to enhance human development in countries with medium income, especially in the medium run. We demonstrate that remittances show divergent developmental effects in countries with different government approaches to migration. In the second part of the paper, we discuss different hypotheses about the causes of the problems that our findings reveal and compare different actual policy solutions found in the developing world. We argue that remittances have the most positive effect in terms of boosting human development in the countries where the state perceives migration as an effective labour export strategy.Publication Open Access The ISSP 2017 social networks and social resources module(Taylor _ Francis, 2020) Sapin, Marlene; Joye, Dominique; Wolf, Christof; Andersen, Johannes; Bian, Yanjie; Fu, Yang-Chi; Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Marsden, Peter, V.; Smith, Tom W.; Department of International Relations; Çarkoğlu, Ali; Faculty Member; Department of International Relations; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 125588This special issue introduces the 2017 Social Networks and Social Resources module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module has been newly developed based on specific, up-to-date theoretical and methodological foundations. Within certain limits the designers of this module aimed at allowing comparisons with the previously fielded ISSP modules on Social Networks from 1986 and 2001. The module encompasses measures on social capital and social resources, assessed by both a position generator and questions on social resources coming from network members or formal organizations. They are complemented by other important social network dimensions capturing network structure and opportunities to access and mobilize social relationships. A strength of the new module is to assess multiple dimensions of social networks and social resources, which are crucial either for instrumental or expressive outcomes also introduced in the survey. The special issue includes first an introduction presenting the motivations behind the 2017 new module on Social Networks and Social Resources, the underlying model of the final questionnaire, a description focusing on the core of the social networks and resources measurement with some descriptive results on social capital, network support and sociability, and open the discussion toward some research questions it allows to examine in a comparative perspective.