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Publication Metadata only A cross-language evaluation of the Kintsch and Van Dijk model of text comprehension(Psychology Press, 1996) Department of Psychology; Gülgöz, Sami; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 49200N/APublication Open Access A multi-site collaborative study of the hostile priming effect(University of California Press, 2021) McCarthy, Randy; Gervais, Will; Aczel, Balazs; Al-Kire, Rosemary L.; Aveyard, Mark; Baraldo, Silvia Marcella; Basch, Charlotte; Baumert, Anna; Bettencourt, Ann; Bitar, Adam; Bouxom, Hugo; Buck, Ashley; Chekroun, Peggy; Chen, Jacqueline M.; del Fresno-Diaz, Angel; Ducham, Alec; Edlund, John E.; ElBassiouny, Amanda; Evans, Thomas Rhys; Ewell, Patrick J.; Forscher, Patrick S.; Fuglestad, Paul T.; Hauck, Lauren; Hawk, Christopher E.; Hermann, Anthony D.; Hines, Bryon; Irumva, Mukunzi; Jordan, Lauren N.; Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A.; Haley, Catherine; Kacmar, Pavol; Koerner, Robert; Kosaka, Muriel; Kovacs, Marton; Lair, Elicia C.; Legal, Jean-Baptiste; Leighton, Dana C.; Magee, Michael W.; Markman, Keith; Martoncik, Marcel Mueller, Martin; Norman, Jasmine B.; Olsen, Jerome; Oyler, Danielle; Phills, Curtis E.; Ribeiro, Gianni; Rohain, Alia; Sakaluk, John; Schuetz, Astrid; Toribio-Florez, Daniel; Tsang, Jo-Ann; Vezzoli, Michela; Williams, Caitlin; Willis, Guillermo B.; Young, Jason; Zogmaister, Cristina; Department of Psychology; Baruh, Lemi; Cemalcılar, Zeynep; Kezer, Murat; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 36113; 40374; N/AIn a now-classic study by Srull and Wyer (1979), people who were exposed to phrases with hostile content subsequently judged a man as being more hostile. And this “hostile priming effect” has had a significant influence on the field of social cognition over the subsequent decades. However, a recent multi-lab collaborative study (McCarthy et al., 2018) that closely followed the methods described by Srull and Wyer (1979) found a hostile priming effect that was nearly zero, which casts doubt on whether these methods reliably produce an effect. To address some limitations with McCarthy et al. (2018), the current multi-site collaborative study included data collected from 29 labs. Each lab conducted a close replication (total N = 2,123) and a conceptual replication (total N = 2,579) of Srull and Wyer's methods. The hostile priming effect for both the close replication (d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.22], z = 1.34, p =.16) and the conceptual replication (d = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15], z = 1.15, p =.58) were not significantly different from zero and, if the true effects are non-zero, were smaller than what most labs could feasibly and routinely detect. Despite our best efforts to produce favorable conditions for the effect to emerge, we did not detect a hostile priming effect. We suggest that researchers should not invest more resources into trying to detect a hostile priming effect using methods like those described in Srull and Wyer (1979).Publication Open Access A multilevel analysis of the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and followers' well-being(Springer, 2022) Köydemir, Selda; Fehn, Theresa; Bilgiç, İlkyaz D.; Gauglitz, İris; Schutz, Astrid; Department of Psychology; Varol, Melisa; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesExperiential avoidance is defined as a process involving excessive negative evaluations of difficult or unwanted feelings, thoughts, and sensations, an unwillingness to remain in contact with and express these experiences, and habitual attempts to avoid or control them. Experiential avoidance is closely associated with maladaptive functioning. Although the ability to connect with internal experiences has been considered an important element of effective leadership, this assumption has not yet been empirically tested. On the basis of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy model of experiential avoidance and the propositions of leadership models (e.g., transformational and authentic leadership) that characterize leadership as an emotion-related process, we examined the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and their followers' well-being in a sample of leader-follower triads. Well-being outcomes were subjective happiness, purpose in life, and job satisfaction. We also tested the mediating roles of followers' basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration in this relationship. Multilevel mediation model analyses suggested that followers' psychological need frustration but not need satisfaction mediated the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and followers' well-being outcomes. Thus, a rigid attitude toward one's internal experiences as a leader is a risk factor for followers' well-being because leaders with such attitudes may pay little attention to their followers and give rise to need frustration in their followers. Organizational efforts to increase leaders' flexibility in dealing with negative experiences can help foster well-being among both leaders and their followers.Publication Metadata only A new representation of fMRI signal by a set of local meshes for brain decoding(IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2017) Önal, Itır; Özay, Mete; Vural, Fatoş T. Yarman; N/A; Department of Psychology; Mızrak, Eda; Öztekin, İlke; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/A; N/AHow neurons influence each other's firing depends on the strength of synaptic connections among them. Motivated by the highly interconnected structure of the brain, in this study, we propose a computational model to estimate the relationships among voxels and employ them as features for cognitive state classification. We represent the sequence of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measurements recorded during a cognitive stimulus by a set of local meshes. Then, we represent the corresponding cognitive state by the edge weights of these meshes each of which is estimated assuming a regularized linear relationship among voxel time series in a predefined locality. The estimated mesh edge weights provide a better representation of information in the brain for cognitive state or task classification. We examine the representative power of ourmesh edge weights on visual recognition and emotional memory retrieval experiments by training a support vector machine classifier. Also, we use mesh edge weights as feature vectors of inter-subject classification onHuman Connectome Project task fMRI dataset, and test their performance. We observe that mesh edge weights perform better than the popular fMRI features, such as, raw voxel intensity values, pairwise correlations, features extracted using PCA and ICA, for classifying the cognitive states.Publication Metadata only A program to improve cognitive capacities of children(Psychology Press, 2000) Department of Psychology; Gülgöz, Sami; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 49200N/APublication Metadata only A simple three layer excitatory-inhibitory neuronal network for temporal decision-making(Elsevier, 2020) Zeki, Mustafa; Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269Humans and animals do not only keep track of time intervals but they can also make decisions about durations. Temporal bisection is a psychophysical task that is widely used to assess the latter ability via categorization of durations as short or long. Many existing models of performance in temporal bisection primarily account for choice proportions and tend to overlook the associated response times. We propose a time-cell neural network that implements both interval timing and temporal categorization. The proposed model can keep track of time intervals based on lurching wave activity, it can learn the reference durations along with their association with different categorization responses, and finally, it can carry out the comparison of arbitrary intermediate durations to the reference durations. We compared the model's predictions about choice behavior and response times to the empirical data previously gathered from rats. We showed that this time-cell neural network can predict the canonical behavioral signatures of temporal bisection performance. Specifically, (a) the proposed model can account for the sigmoidal relationship between the probability of the long choices and the test durations, (b) the superposition of choice functions on a relative time scale, (c) the localization of the point of subjective equality at the geometric mean of the reference durations, and (d) the differential modulation of short and long categorization response times as a function of the test durations.Publication Open Access A simplified model of communication between time cells: accounting for the linearly increasing timing imprecision(Frontiers, 2019) Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269Many organisms can time intervals flexibly on average with high accuracy but substantial variability between the trials. One of the core psychophysical features of interval timing functions relates to the signatures of this timing variability; for a given individual, the standard deviation of timed responses/time estimates is nearly proportional to their central tendency (scalar property). Many studies have aimed at elucidating the neural basis of interval timing based on the neurocomputational principles in a fashion that would explain the scalar property. Recent experimental evidence shows that there is indeed a specialized neural system for timekeeping. This system, referred to as the “time cells,” is composed of a group of neurons that fire sequentially as a function of elapsed time. Importantly, the time interval between consecutively firing time cell ensembles has been shown to increase with more elapsed time. However, when the subjective time is calculated by adding the distributions of time intervals between these sequentially firing time cell ensembles, the standard deviation would be compressed by the square root function. In light of this information the question becomes, “How should the signaling between the sequentially firing time cell ensembles be for the resulting variability to increase linearly with time as required by the scalar property?” We developed a simplified model of time cells that offers a mechanism for the synaptic communication of the sequentially firing neurons to address this ubiquitous property of interval timing. The model is composed of a single layer of time cells formulated in the form of integrate-and-fire neurons with feed-forward excitatory connections. The resulting behavior is simple neural wave activity. When this model is simulated with noisy conductances, the standard deviation of the time cell spike times increases proportionally to the mean of the spike-times. We demonstrate that this statistical property of the model outcomes is robustly observed even when the values of the key model parameters are varied.Publication Metadata only A theoretical orientation to the family(Wiley, 2004) Department of Psychology; Kağıtçıbaşı, Çiğdem; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/APublication Metadata only Adults' recollection of the earliest memories: early parental elaboration mediated the link between attachment and remembering(Springer, 2022) Öner, Sezin; Department of Psychology; Gülgöz, Sami; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 49200Social interactions are a major factor in organizing the earliest experiences in the memory system. In the current study, we tested the role of parental reminiscing on the relationship between parental attachment and recollection of earliest memories. The present study focused mainly on possible mediating properties of parental elaboration between the relationship of attachment and the recall of the earliest memories. We found a full mediation pattern, showing that high parental avoidance was associated with less parental elaboration, which was then linked to the earliest memories coming from a later age and poor recollection of these memories. on the other hand, although parental anxiety was related to the earliest memories coming from a later age and rich recollection of the earliest memories, the degree of parental elaboration was not found as a mediator. Findings are discussed in line with the role of the early relational and communicative input on adults' recollections of early events.Publication Open Access Aging, gesture production, and disfluency in speech: a comparison of younger and older adults(Wiley, 2022) Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Arslan, Burcu; Faculty Member; PhD Student; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 47278; N/AAge-related changes are observed in the speech and gestures of neurotypical individuals. Older adults are more disfluent in speech and use fewer representational gestures (e.g., holding two hands close to each other to mean small), compared to younger adults. Using gestures, especially representational gestures, is common in difficult tasks to aid the conceptualization process and to facilitate lexical access. This study investigates how aging can affect gesture production and the co-occurrence between gesture and speech disfluency. We elicited speech and gesture samples from younger and older adults (N = 60) by using a painting description task that provided concrete and abstract contexts. Results indicated that albeit the two age groups revealed comparable overall speech disfluency and gesture rates, they differed in terms of how their disfluencies and gestures were distributed across specific categories. Moreover, the proportion of speech disfluencies that occur with a gesture was significantly higher for younger than older adults. However, the two age groups were comparable in terms of the proportion of gestures that were accompanied by a speech disfluency. These findings suggest that younger adults' language production system might be better at benefiting from other modalities, that is, gesture, to resolve temporary problems in speech planning. However, from a gesture perspective, it might be difficult to differentiate between gestures' self-oriented and communicative functions and understand their role in speech facilitation. Focusing on specific cases where speech disfluency and gestures co-occur and considering individual differences might bring insight into multimodal communication.