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Publication Open Access “No worries, there is no error-free leadership!”: error strain, worries about leadership, and leadership career intentions among non-leaders(Stockholm University Press, 2022) Auvinen, E.; Tsupari, H.; Herttalampi, M.; Feldt, T.; Department of Psychology; Aycan, Zeynep; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 5798The growing body of research suggests that leadership is not among the most attractive career goals, especially for the younger work force. However, the need for leadership has not diminished. To shed light on the “problem of supply”, this study addresses the question of why high-potential individuals (i.e., non-leaders) do not pursue leadership positions by focusing on worries about leadership (WAL) and error-related strain. We had two aims: (1) to identify different profiles of WAL among highly educated professionals, and (2) to explore whether their error strain and leadership career intentions differ among the identified WAL profiles. Data were gathered from 955 highly educated Finnish employees representing different sectors. WAL was measured by a three-dimensional scale consisting of worries about failure, work-life imbalance, and harming others. Based on the Latent Profile Analysis, six WAL profiles emerged: (1) Average-WAL (37% of respondents), (2) Low-WAL (34%), (3) High-WAL (6%), (4) Failure-sensitive (9%), (5) Imbalance-sensitive (4%) and (6) Harm-sensitive (11%). Professionals in the Low-WAL profile reported the lowest error strain, whereas employees in the profiles of High-WAL and Failure-sensitive reported the highest error strain. Employees in the Low-WALprofile were more willing to pursue a leadership career in an unfamiliar organization compared to employees in other profiles. In addition, employees within the Low-WAL profile were more willing to pursue a leadership career in an unfamiliar organization compared to their home organization. Implications of our findings and future directions are discussed.
Publication Metadata only A cross-cultural analysis of participative decision-making in organizations(Sage, 2003) Sagie, Abraham; Department of Psychology; Aycan, Zeynep; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 5798Despite considerable awareness about various forms and meanings of participative decision-making (PDM) in different parts of the world, there is less agreement on the causes of variation in PDM. This article argues that among other exogenous (e.g. sociopolitical, legal, historical) forces, the sociocultural context plays an important role in the observed differences among PDM approaches and practices across nations. Similarly, subcultures and organizational cultures may influence PDM within nations. Two cultural dimensions: individualism-collectivism and power distance, are linked with four widespread employee participation approaches: face-to-face PDM, collective PDM, pseudo-PDM, and paternalistic PDM. The attributes of each PDM form, including the cultural determinants, underlying beliefs, the types of decisions made, and the relationship between a specified form and other PDM meanings (e.g. self-managing teams) are elaborated.Publication Metadata only A cross-language evaluation of the Kintsch and Van Dijk model of text comprehension(Psychology Press, 1996) Department of Psychology; Gülgöz, Sami; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 49200N/APublication Open Access A multi-site collaborative study of the hostile priming effect(University of California Press, 2021) McCarthy, Randy; Gervais, Will; Aczel, Balazs; Al-Kire, Rosemary L.; Aveyard, Mark; Baraldo, Silvia Marcella; Basch, Charlotte; Baumert, Anna; Bettencourt, Ann; Bitar, Adam; Bouxom, Hugo; Buck, Ashley; Chekroun, Peggy; Chen, Jacqueline M.; del Fresno-Diaz, Angel; Ducham, Alec; Edlund, John E.; ElBassiouny, Amanda; Evans, Thomas Rhys; Ewell, Patrick J.; Forscher, Patrick S.; Fuglestad, Paul T.; Hauck, Lauren; Hawk, Christopher E.; Hermann, Anthony D.; Hines, Bryon; Irumva, Mukunzi; Jordan, Lauren N.; Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A.; Haley, Catherine; Kacmar, Pavol; Koerner, Robert; Kosaka, Muriel; Kovacs, Marton; Lair, Elicia C.; Legal, Jean-Baptiste; Leighton, Dana C.; Magee, Michael W.; Markman, Keith; Martoncik, Marcel Mueller, Martin; Norman, Jasmine B.; Olsen, Jerome; Oyler, Danielle; Phills, Curtis E.; Ribeiro, Gianni; Rohain, Alia; Sakaluk, John; Schuetz, Astrid; Toribio-Florez, Daniel; Tsang, Jo-Ann; Vezzoli, Michela; Williams, Caitlin; Willis, Guillermo B.; Young, Jason; Zogmaister, Cristina; Department of Psychology; Baruh, Lemi; Cemalcılar, Zeynep; Kezer, Murat; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; 36113; 40374; N/AIn a now-classic study by Srull and Wyer (1979), people who were exposed to phrases with hostile content subsequently judged a man as being more hostile. And this “hostile priming effect” has had a significant influence on the field of social cognition over the subsequent decades. However, a recent multi-lab collaborative study (McCarthy et al., 2018) that closely followed the methods described by Srull and Wyer (1979) found a hostile priming effect that was nearly zero, which casts doubt on whether these methods reliably produce an effect. To address some limitations with McCarthy et al. (2018), the current multi-site collaborative study included data collected from 29 labs. Each lab conducted a close replication (total N = 2,123) and a conceptual replication (total N = 2,579) of Srull and Wyer's methods. The hostile priming effect for both the close replication (d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.22], z = 1.34, p =.16) and the conceptual replication (d = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15], z = 1.15, p =.58) were not significantly different from zero and, if the true effects are non-zero, were smaller than what most labs could feasibly and routinely detect. Despite our best efforts to produce favorable conditions for the effect to emerge, we did not detect a hostile priming effect. We suggest that researchers should not invest more resources into trying to detect a hostile priming effect using methods like those described in Srull and Wyer (1979).Publication Open Access A multilevel analysis of the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and followers' well-being(Springer, 2022) Köydemir, Selda; Fehn, Theresa; Bilgiç, İlkyaz D.; Gauglitz, İris; Schutz, Astrid; Department of Psychology; Varol, Melisa; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesExperiential avoidance is defined as a process involving excessive negative evaluations of difficult or unwanted feelings, thoughts, and sensations, an unwillingness to remain in contact with and express these experiences, and habitual attempts to avoid or control them. Experiential avoidance is closely associated with maladaptive functioning. Although the ability to connect with internal experiences has been considered an important element of effective leadership, this assumption has not yet been empirically tested. On the basis of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy model of experiential avoidance and the propositions of leadership models (e.g., transformational and authentic leadership) that characterize leadership as an emotion-related process, we examined the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and their followers' well-being in a sample of leader-follower triads. Well-being outcomes were subjective happiness, purpose in life, and job satisfaction. We also tested the mediating roles of followers' basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration in this relationship. Multilevel mediation model analyses suggested that followers' psychological need frustration but not need satisfaction mediated the relationship between leaders' experiential avoidance and followers' well-being outcomes. Thus, a rigid attitude toward one's internal experiences as a leader is a risk factor for followers' well-being because leaders with such attitudes may pay little attention to their followers and give rise to need frustration in their followers. Organizational efforts to increase leaders' flexibility in dealing with negative experiences can help foster well-being among both leaders and their followers.Publication Open Access A review on complementary natures of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) and early spatial learning(Elsevier, 2018) Department of Media and Visual Arts; Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Alaca, Ilgım Veryeri; Yantaç, Asım Evren; Baykal, Gökçe Elif; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of Media and Visual Arts; Department of Psychology; KU Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) / KU Arçelik Yaratıcı Endüstriler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (KUAR); College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 47278; 50569; 52621; N/ASpatial skills are essential for everyday tasks, and technology blends seamlessly into children's everyday environment. Since spatiality as a term is ubiquitous in experience this paper bridges literature in two fields: theories on early spatial learning in cognitive development and potential benefits of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) for supporting very young children's spatial skills. Studies suggest that the period between 2 and 4 years of age is critical for training spatial skills (e.g., mental rotation), which relate to further success in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) disciplines. We first present a review of the empirical findings on spatial skills, early interventions, and tools (i.e., narrative and gesture input) recommended for training preschool children's spatial skills. By situating the work within the use and benefits of manipulatives (e.g., building blocks, puzzles, shapes) combined with digital affordances in interaction design, we address the relevance of TUIs as complementary tools for spatial learning. We concentrate on the supporting properties of TUIs that enable playful learning, make storytelling more concrete, and provide embodiment effects through physicality. Through various products found in the market and literature that address the physical–digital convergence, we invite designers and researchers to consider design practices and applicable technology that build on present efforts and paradigms in this area. To contribute to this area, we conclude with a discussion of the gaps in design methods to develop technologies for children younger than 4 years old, and propose directions for future work to leverage new tools that serve very young children's spatial learning and possible inquiries for dual payoff.Publication Metadata only A simple three layer excitatory-inhibitory neuronal network for temporal decision-making(Elsevier, 2020) Zeki, Mustafa; Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269Humans and animals do not only keep track of time intervals but they can also make decisions about durations. Temporal bisection is a psychophysical task that is widely used to assess the latter ability via categorization of durations as short or long. Many existing models of performance in temporal bisection primarily account for choice proportions and tend to overlook the associated response times. We propose a time-cell neural network that implements both interval timing and temporal categorization. The proposed model can keep track of time intervals based on lurching wave activity, it can learn the reference durations along with their association with different categorization responses, and finally, it can carry out the comparison of arbitrary intermediate durations to the reference durations. We compared the model's predictions about choice behavior and response times to the empirical data previously gathered from rats. We showed that this time-cell neural network can predict the canonical behavioral signatures of temporal bisection performance. Specifically, (a) the proposed model can account for the sigmoidal relationship between the probability of the long choices and the test durations, (b) the superposition of choice functions on a relative time scale, (c) the localization of the point of subjective equality at the geometric mean of the reference durations, and (d) the differential modulation of short and long categorization response times as a function of the test durations.Publication Open Access A simplified model of communication between time cells: accounting for the linearly increasing timing imprecision(Frontiers, 2019) Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269Many organisms can time intervals flexibly on average with high accuracy but substantial variability between the trials. One of the core psychophysical features of interval timing functions relates to the signatures of this timing variability; for a given individual, the standard deviation of timed responses/time estimates is nearly proportional to their central tendency (scalar property). Many studies have aimed at elucidating the neural basis of interval timing based on the neurocomputational principles in a fashion that would explain the scalar property. Recent experimental evidence shows that there is indeed a specialized neural system for timekeeping. This system, referred to as the “time cells,” is composed of a group of neurons that fire sequentially as a function of elapsed time. Importantly, the time interval between consecutively firing time cell ensembles has been shown to increase with more elapsed time. However, when the subjective time is calculated by adding the distributions of time intervals between these sequentially firing time cell ensembles, the standard deviation would be compressed by the square root function. In light of this information the question becomes, “How should the signaling between the sequentially firing time cell ensembles be for the resulting variability to increase linearly with time as required by the scalar property?” We developed a simplified model of time cells that offers a mechanism for the synaptic communication of the sequentially firing neurons to address this ubiquitous property of interval timing. The model is composed of a single layer of time cells formulated in the form of integrate-and-fire neurons with feed-forward excitatory connections. The resulting behavior is simple neural wave activity. When this model is simulated with noisy conductances, the standard deviation of the time cell spike times increases proportionally to the mean of the spike-times. We demonstrate that this statistical property of the model outcomes is robustly observed even when the values of the key model parameters are varied.Publication Metadata only A theoretical orientation to the family(Wiley, 2004) Department of Psychology; Kağıtçıbaşı, Çiğdem; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/APublication Metadata only Abnormal high-energy phosphate molecule metabolism during regional brain activation in patients with bipolar disorder(Nature Publishing Group (NPG), 2015) Yuksel, C.; Du, F.; Ravichandran, C.; Goldbach, J. R.; Thida, T.; Lin, P.; Gelda, J.; O'Connor, L.; Sehovic, S.; Gruber, S.; Ongur, D.; Cohen, B. M.; Department of Psychology; Dora, Begüm; PhD Student; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/AConverging evidence suggests bioenergetic abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). In the brain, phosphocreatine (PCr) acts a reservoir of high-energy phosphate (HEP) bonds, and creatine kinases (CK) catalyze the transfer of HEP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to PCr and from PCr back to ATP, at times of increased need. This study examined the activity of this mechanism in BD by measuring the levels of HEP molecules during a stimulus paradigm that increased local energy demand. Twenty-three patients diagnosed with BD-I and 22 healthy controls (HC) were included. Levels of phosphorus metabolites were measured at baseline and during visual stimulation in the occipital lobe using P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T. Changes in metabolite levels showed different patterns between the groups. During stimulation, HC had significant reductions in PCr but not in ATP, as expected. In contrast, BD patients had significant reductions in ATP but not in PCr. In addition, PCr/ATP ratio was lower at baseline in patients, and there was a higher change in this measure during stimulation. This pattern suggests a disease-related failure to replenish ATP from PCr through CK enzyme catalysis during tissue activation. Further studies measuring the CK flux in BD are required to confirm and extend this finding.