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Publication Metadata only Autobiographical memory for repeated events: remembering our vacations(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2021) Department of Psychology; Department of Psychology; Usta, Berivan Ece; Gülgöz, Sami; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 201110; 49200We aimed to explore autobiographical memory for repeated events. for that aim, five instances of the same event category (i.e. last, first, random, distinct, and typical vacation) were collected from 57 (32 females) adults (M-age = 21.8; SDage = 2.0). Participants also provided the vacation scripts they have in mind. the last instances were expected to be highest in script consistency whereas the first instances would be the lowest due to duration between encoding and retrieval in addition to the frequency of potential script updates. We predicted that random instances selected freely by the participants would display high script-consistency due to ease of access. Finally, distinct instances would vary in their script consistency to the extent that they deviate from a script-consistent vacation experience. Overall, results were in line with the predictions. Findings are discussed in the context of the schema pointer plus tag model and the dynamic memory model.Publication Metadata only Bayes optimal integration of social and endogenous uncertainty in numerosity estimation(Wiley, 2024) Department of Psychology; Öztel, Tutku; Balcı, Fuat; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesOne of the most prominent social influences on human decision making is conformity, which is even more prominent when the perceptual information is ambiguous. The Bayes optimal solution to this problem entails weighting the relative reliability of cognitive information and perceptual signals in constructing the percept from self-sourced/endogenous and social sources, respectively. The current study investigated whether humans integrate the statistics (i.e., mean and variance) of endogenous perceptual and social information in a Bayes optimal way while estimating numerosities. Our results demonstrated adjustment of initial estimations toward group means only when group estimations were more reliable (or "certain"), compared to participants' endogenous metric uncertainty. Our results support Bayes optimal social conformity while also pointing to an implicit form of metacognition.Publication Metadata only Chemical communication of fear: a case of male-female asymmetry(American Psychological Association (APA), 2014) de Groot, Jasper H. B.; Smeets, Monique A. M.; Department of Psychology; Semin, Gün Refik; Researcher; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/APrevious research has documented sex differences in nonverbal communication. What has remained unknown is whether similar sex differences would exist with regard to olfactory communication via chemosignals, a relatively neglected nonverbal communication medium. Because women generally have a better sense of smell and greater sensitivity to emotional signals, we hypothesized that compared with male participants and relative to a neutral control condition, female participants would emulate the fearful state of the sender producing the chemosignals. Facial electromyography was used in a double-blind experiment to measure in the receiver a partial reproduction of the state of the sender, controlling for the moderating influence of the sex of the sender and receiver. The results indicated that only female participants emulated the fearful state of the sender. The present study revealed a boundary condition for effective chemosignaling by reporting behavioral evidence of sexual asymmetry in olfactory communication via chemosignals.Publication Metadata only Children's referential communication skills: The role of cognitive abilities and adult models of speech(Elsevier Science Inc, 2018) N/A; Department of Psychology; Uzundağ, Berna Arslan; Küntay, Aylin C.; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 300558; 178879Referential communication is effective when speakers describe a specific entity in a way that leads to accurate identification of that referent among competitors. Young children's initial referential expressions are often inadequate, and this state of miscommunication needs to be repaired in subsequent communicative attempts. Exposure to adults' effective descriptions of referents is beneficial for children to develop referentially clear initial descriptions. Here, we examined whether adult models of speech also provide benefits for children's communicative repair behavior. Furthermore, we assessed the relation between children's cognitive abilities and referential communication skills. We tested 59 children (aged 4 years to 5 years 9 months) on their ability to request specific stickers among similar distractors in a pretest-m odeling-posttest design. In the modeling phase, 30 children heard more informative descriptions of stickers with relative clauses (e.g., "you selected the horse that the boy is riding") and 29 children heard less informative descriptions with demonstrative noun phrases (e.g., "you selected that horse"). In a second session, we measured children's short-term memory, executive functions (working memory and cognitive flexibility), and theory of mind. Children who heard more informative expressions showed a greater increase in uniquely identifying initial descriptions than children who heard less informative expressions. Hearing more informative expressions did not provide an additional benefit in repairing ambiguous messages, an ability we found to be related to cognitive flexibility and memory. Results indicate that informative language structures that uniquely identify referents provide limited benefits to children for effective communication where children's short-term memory and executive functions also matter.Publication Metadata only Consistency of earliest memories is related to direct retrieval(amer Psychological assoc, 2022) Department of Psychology; Department of Psychology; Usta, Berivan Ece; Gülgöz, Sami; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 201110; 49200We explored the retrieval type and speed in remembering earliest memories and their consistency in content, dating, and event characteristics over time. A total of 73 young adults (Mage = 28.58, SDage = 3.52) participated with 2- and 4-year time lags. Results indicated 56.5%, 56.2%, and 53.4% content consistency over 2, 4, and 6 years, respectively. When earliest memories were consistent, they were dated earlier than when they differed across the three sessions. Similarly, directly remembered earliest memories were dated earlier than the generated ones. Most of the event characteristics displayed no significant differences as a function of consistency or retrieval type. Direct retrieval was similar in prevalence but faster in speed compared to generative retrieval. Finally, participants who reported direct retrieval were more likely to remember the same earliest memories over time, pointing to the association between consistency and the retrieval type.Publication Metadata only Decision processes in temporal discrimination(Elsevier, 2014) Simen, Patrick; Department of Psychology; Balcı, Fuat; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 51269The processing dynamics underlying temporal decisions and the response times they generate have received little attention in the study of interval timing. In contrast, models of other simple forms of decision making have been extensively investigated using response times, leading to a substantial disconnect between temporal and non-temporal decision theories. An overarching decision-theoretic framework that encompasses existing, non-temporal decision models may, however, account both for interval timing itself and for time-based decision-making. We sought evidence for this framework in the temporal discrimination performance of humans tested on the temporal bisection task. In this task, participants retrospectively categorized experienced stimulus durations as short or long based on their perceived similarity to two, remembered reference durations and were rewarded only for correct categorization of these references. Our analysis of choice proportions and response times suggests that a two-stage, sequential diffusion process, parameterized to maximize earned rewards, can account for salient patterns of bisection performance. The first diffusion stage times intervals by accumulating an endogenously noisy clock signal; the second stage makes decisions about the first-stage temporal representation by accumulating first-stage evidence corrupted by endogenous noise. Reward-maximization requires that the second-stage accumulation rate and starting point be based on the state of the first-stage timer at the end of the stimulus duration, and that estimates of non-decision-related delays should decrease as a function of stimulus duration. Results are in accord with these predictions and thus support an extension of the drift-diffusion model of static derision making to the domain of interval timing and temporal decisions.Publication Metadata only Do bilingual adults gesture when they are disfluent?: understanding gesture-speech interaction across first and second languages(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesPeople are more disfluent in their second language (L2) than their first language (L1). Gesturing facilitates cognitive processes, including speech production. This study investigates speech disfluency and representational gesture production across Turkish-English bilinguals' L1 (Turkish) and L2 (English) through a narrative retelling task (N = 27). Results showed that people were more disfluent and used more representational gestures in English. Controlling for L2 proficiency, people were still more disfluent in English. The more people were proficient in L2, the more they used gestures in that language. Similarly, disfluency-gesture co-occurrences were more common in English. L2 proficiency was positively correlated with the likelihood of a disfluency being accompanied by a gesture. These findings suggest that gestures may not necessarily compensate for weak language skills. Rather, people might gesture during disfluent moments if they can detect their errors, suggesting a close link between representational gestures and language competency in benefiting from gestures when disfluent.Publication Metadata only Do speakers design their cospeech gestures for their addressees? the effects of addressee location on representational gestures(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2002) N/A; Department of Psychology; Özyürek, Aslı; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/ADo speakers use spontaneous gestures accompanying, their specch for themselves or to communicate their message their addressees? Two experiments show that speakers change the orientation of their gestures depending on the location of shared space, that is the intersection of the gesture spaces of the speakers and addressees. Gesture orientations change more frequently when the accompany spatial prepositions such is into and out, which describe motion that has a beginning and end point, rather than across, which depicts an unbounded path across space. Speakers change their gestures so that they represent the beginning and end point of motion INTO or OUT by moving into or out of the shared space, Thus speakers design their gestures for their addressees and therefore use them to communicate, This has implication, for the view that gestures are a part of language use as well as for the role of gestures in speech production.Publication Open Access Do typological differences in the expression of causality influence preschool children's causal event construal?(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2022) Ger, Ebru; Stoll, Sabine; Daum, Moritz M.; Department of Psychology; Küntay, Aylin C.; Göksun, Tilbe; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 178879; 47278This study investigated whether cross-linguistic differences in causal expressions influence the mapping of causal language on causal events in three- to four-year-old Swiss-German learners and Turkish learners. In Swiss-German, causality is mainly expressed syntactically with lexical causatives (e.g., asse 'to eat' vs. fuettere 'to feed'). In Turkish, causality is expressed both syntactically and morphologically - with a verbal suffix (e.g., yemek 'to eat' vs. yeDIRmek 'to feed'). Moreover, unlike Swiss-German, Turkish allows argument ellipsis (e.g., 'The mother feeds empty set). Here, we used pseudo-verbs to test whether and how well Swiss-German-learning children inferred a causal meaning from lexical causatives compared to Turkish-learning children tested in three conditions: lexical causatives, morphological causatives, and morphological causatives with object ellipsis. Swiss-German-learning children and Turkish-learning children in all three conditions reliably inferred causal meanings, and did so to a similar extent. The findings suggest that, as young as age 3, children learning two different languages similarly make use of language-specific causality cues (syntactic and morphological alike) to infer causal meanings.Publication Metadata only Does source reliability moderate the survival processing effect? The role of linguistic markers as reliability cues(Springer, 2024) Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Akçay, Çağlar; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesAdaptive memory retains information that would increase survival chances and reproductive success, resulting in the survival processing effect. Less is known about whether the reliability of the information interacts with the survival processing effect. From an adaptive point, information from reliable sources should lead to better encoding of information, particularly in a survival context. In Turkish, specific linguistic components called evidentiality markers encode whether the information presented is firsthand (direct) or not (indirect), providing insight into source reliability. In two experiments, we examined the effect of evidentiality markers on recall across survival and nonsurvival (moving) contexts, predicting that the survival processing effect would be stronger for information marked with evidentiality markers indicating direct information. Results of both experiments yielded a robust survival processing effect, as the sentences processed for their relevance to survival were better remembered than those processed for their relevance to nonsurvival events. Yet the marker type did not affect retention, regardless of being tested as a between- or within-subject factor. Specifically, the survival processing effect persisted even with evidentiality markers indicating indirect information, which suggests that the processing of survival-related information may be privileged even if potentially unreliable. We discuss these results in the context of recent studies of the interaction of language with memory.