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    A brief atlas of insulin
    (Bentham Science, 2022) N/A; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Ayan, Esra; Demirci, Hasan; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koç Üniversitesi İş Bankası Yapay Zeka Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (KUIS AI)/ Koç University İş Bank Artificial Intelligence Center (KUIS AI); Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; College of Sciences; N/A; 307350
    Insulin is an essential factor for mammalian organisms: a regulator of glucose metabolism and other key signaling pathways. Insulin is also a multifunctional hormone whose absence can cause many diseases. Recombinant insulin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes. Understanding insulin, biosimilars, and biobetters from a holistic perspective will help pharmacologically user-friendly molecules design and develop personalized medicine-oriented therapeutic strategies for diabetes. Additionally, it helps to understand the underlying mechanism of other insulin-dependent metabolic disorders. The purpose of this atlas is to review insulin from a biotechnologi-cal, basic science, and clinical perspective, explain nearly all insulin-related disorders and their underlying molecular mechanisms, explore exogenous/recombinant production strategies of patented and research-level insulin/analogs, and highlight their mechanism of action from a structural per-spective. Combined with computational analysis, comparisons of insulin and analogs also provide novel information about the structural dynamics of insulin.