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    PublicationOpen Access
    Hard protection through soft courts? Non-refoulement before the united nations treaty bodies
    (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2020) Costello, C.; Cunningham, S.; Çalı, Başak; Faculty Member; Center for Global Public Law (CGPL) / Küresel Kamu Hukuku Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (KÜREMER); Law School
    This article comparatively analyses how the prohibition of refoulement is interpreted by United Nations Treaty Bodies (UNTBs) in their individual decision-making, where we suggest they act as "soft courts."It asks whether UNTBs break ranks with or follow the interpretations of non-refoulement of the European Court of Human Rights. This investigation is warranted because non-refoulement is the single most salient issue that has attracted individual views from UNTBs since 1990. Moreover, our European focus is warranted as nearly half of the cases concern states that are also parties to the European Convention on Human Rights. Based on a multi-dimensional analysis of non-refoulement across an original dataset of over 500 UNTB non-refoulement cases, decided between 1990-2020, as well as pertinent UNTB General Comments, the Article finds that whilst UNTBs, at times, do adopt a more progressive position than their "harder"regional counterpart, there are also instances where they closely follow the interpretations of the European Court of Human Rights and, on occasion, adopt a more restrictive position. This analysis complicates the view that soft courts are likely to be more progressive interpreters than hard courts. It further shows that variations in the interpretation of non-refoulement in a crowded field of international interpreters present risks for evasion of accountability, whereby domestic authorities in Europe may favor the more convenient interpretation, particularly in environments hostile to non-refoulement.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Perceived economic self-sufficiency: a country- and generation-comparative approach
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019) Tosun, Jale; Arco-Tirado, Jose L.; Caserta, Maurizio; Freitag, Markus; Hoerisch, Felix; Jensen, Carsten; Kittel, Bernhard; Littvay, Levente; Lukes, Martin; Maloney, William A.; Muehlboeck, Monika; Rainsford, Emily; Rapp, Carolin; Schuck, Bettina; Shorel, Jennifer; Steiber, Nadia; Sumer, Nebi; Tsakloglou, Panos; Vancea, Mihaela; Vegetti, Federico; Department of Psychology; Cemalcılar, Zeynep; Faculty Member; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; 40374
    Existing datasets provided by statistical agencies (e.g. Eurostat) show that the economic and financial crisis that unfolded in 2008 significantly impacted the lives and livelihoods of young people across Europe. Taking these official statistics as a starting point, the collaborative research project "Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship in Europe" (CUPESSE) generated new survey data on the economic and social situation of young Europeans (18-35 years). The CUPESSE dataset allows for country-comparative assessments of young people's perceptions about their socio-economic situation. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of indicators examining the socio-economic situation of both young adults and their parents. In this data Journal article, we introduce the CUPESSE dataset to political and social scientists in an attempt to spark a debate on the measurements, patterns and mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of economic self-sufficiency as well as its political implications.