What makes a man a "real man"?: perspectives regarding masculinities and gender roles among young men in Turkey

Abstract

Analyzing 5 focus group interviews with 46 college-going men (18-25 years), this qualitative study specifically explores perspectives of young Turkish men about meanings and conceptualizations of masculinities and gender roles. Our study finds that they viewed masculinity as demonstrating and maintaining superior, tough, self-sufficient, exteriors. Homosocial practices, including sexual objectification, competition, and homophobia, are important for the maintenance of male dominance and masculinity. Our respondents felt that men should avoid housework so as not to be identified as feminine or ridiculed by their families or peers. In this qualitative study, we illustrate how masculinities and gender roles are shaped among college-going young men with specific examples from the interviews. The study revealed that, societal pressure stemming from cultural traditions and Islam has a significant influence on these men's understanding of acceptable gender roles and masculinity. Based on these findings, we propose strategies to reformulate a healthy gender identity and to support young men at individual, community, and societal levels.