Recovering a forgotten wetland in western Anatolia: birds and fish from second-millennium BCE Kaymakçı

Abstract

Wetlands sustained some of the most exceptionally dynamic human–environment relationships in past societies. Tracing their presence and ecological characteristics in antiquity requires integrated recovery strategies that link excavation, systematic sampling, and laboratory analysis. This paper presents new zooarchaeological evidence from Middle and Late Bronze Age Kaymakçı in the Marmara Lake Basin of western Türkiye to present evidence of an ancient wetland. Situated in the middle Gediz Valley within a pulse-lake landscape shaped by seasonal flooding, spring discharge, and ecological verticality extending from the basin floor to approximately 2150 m at the peak of Bozdağ, Kaymakçı is currently the largest-known second-millennium BCE settlement not only in this niche zone, but also in wider western Anatolia. The Kaymakçı Archeological Project (KAP) results show that recovery methods, especially heavy fraction, may significantly affect the resulting data and, therefore, the interpretations. The identified fish remains from KAP, dominated by carp and catfish, confirm a large, shallow, vegetated wetland with fluctuating littoral and flood-zone habitats. Bird remains also evidence a taxonomically diverse bird community typical of large wetland zones with nearby mountain ranges, including waterfowl, marsh-edge, and terrestrial taxa. Compared with contemporaneous Anatolian assemblages from central and southeastern regions of Anatolia, the KAP data extend our understanding of seasonally dynamic wetlands in western Anatolia and further confirm the value of integrated faunal analysis.