Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: does uric acid have a definitive role?

Abstract

increased serum uric acid (SUa) levels are commonly seen in patients with metabolic syndrome and are widely accepted as risk factors for hypertension, gout, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular diseases. although some ambiguity for the exact role of uric acid (Ua) in these diseases is still present, several pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified such as increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. accumulating evidence in genomics enlightens genetic variabilities and some epigenetic changes that can contribute to hyperuricemia. Here we discuss the role of Ua within metabolism and the consequences of asymptomatic hyperuricemia while providing newfound evidence for the associations between Ua and gut microbiota and vitamin D. increased SUa levels and beneficial effects of lowering SUa levels need to be elucidated more to understand its complicated function within different metabolic pathways and set optimal target levels for SUa for reducing risks for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.