Differing current and optical return stroke speeds in lightning

Abstract

During the return stroke in downward negative cloud-to-ground lightning, a current wave propagates upward from the ground along the lightning channel. The current wave causes rapid heating of the channel and induces intense optical radiation. The optical radiation wave propagation speed along the channel has been measured to be between 1/5 and 2/3 of the speed of light. The current wave speed is commonly assumed to be the same but cannot be directly measured. Past modeling efforts treat either the thermodynamics or electrodynamics. We present the first model that simultaneously treats the coupled current and thermodynamic physics in the return stroke channel. We utilize numerical simulations using realistic high-temperature air plasma properties that self-consistently solve Maxwell's equations coupled with equations of air plasma thermodynamics. The predicted optical radiation wave speed, rise time, and attenuation agree well with observations. The model predicts significantly higher current return stroke speed.