Neuroangiogenesis potential of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke conditions

Abstract

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a life-threatening condition in humans with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing and industrialized countries. The occlusion of blood-supporting vessels by thrombus or emboli can contribute to massive brain cell damage, neurological deficits, and long-term disability, and in more severe conditions, results in sudden death. Current therapeutic strategies, along with rehabilitation, in part, but not completely, can restore the integrity and function of the brain. These features necessitate the advent of novel therapeutic protocols for yielding better regenerative outcomes in IS patients. In past decades, the discovery of stem cells and byproducts has led to promising results in in vitro settings and pre-clinical studies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles released from various cell types, for instance, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with certain signaling biomolecules, growth factors, and cytokines involved in cell-to-cell communication. A great plethora of studies have pointed to the fact that EVs with specific cargo can distribute easily in different parts of the body, making them appropriate therapeutics under different pathological conditions. The current review articles aimed to highlight the neuroangiogenesis properties of MSC EVs in IS conditions. How and by which mechanisms MSC EVs can orchestrate the process of nervous system regeneration is at the center of debate. We think that the current article can help us better understand MSC EVs' function in the restoration of brain function under IS conditions in terms of neurogenesis and angiogenesis.