Large language model-based chatbots in higher education

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are artificial intelligence (AI) platforms capable of analyzing and mimicking natural language processing. Leveraging deep learning, LLM capabilities have been advanced significantly, giving rise to generative chatbots such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT). GPT-1 was initially released by OpenAI in 2018. ChatGPT's release in 2022 marked a global record of speed in technology uptake, attracting more than 100 million users in two months. Consequently, the utility of LLMs in fields including engineering, healthcare, and education has been explored. The potential of LLM-based chatbots in higher education has sparked significant interest and ignited debates. LLMs can offer personalized learning experiences and advance asynchronized learning, potentially revolutionizing higher education, but can also undermine academic integrity. Although concerns regarding AI-generated output accuracy, the spread of misinformation, propagation of biases, and other legal and ethical issues have not been fully addressed yet, several strategies have been implemented to mitigate these limitations. Here, the development of LLMs, properties of LLM-based chatbots, and potential applications of LLM-based chatbots in higher education are discussed. Current challenges and concerns associated with AI-based learning platforms are outlined. The potentials of LLM-based chatbot use in the context of learning experiences in higher education settings are explored. The use of large language models (LLMs) in higher education can facilitate personalized learning experiences, advance asynchronized learning, and support instructors, students, and researchers across diverse fields. The development of regulations and guidelines that address ethical and legal issues is essential to ensure safe and responsible adaptation of LLM-based tools in real-world educational settings.