From Xinjiang to Türkiye: isa Yusuf Alptekin’s leading role in twentieth-century Uyghur nationalism

Abstract

How did İsa Yusuf Alptekin's political activities shape the Uyghur nationalism's development? What do his activism and interactions with Türkiye and other international actors reveal about the (geo)political complexities and international dimensions of Uyghur nationalism? This study examines Alptekin's central yet contested role in shaping twentieth-century Uyghur nationalism, from his early anti-Soviet activism in Xinjiang to his exile in Türkiye. Drawing on untapped archival materials from Türkiye's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Chinese repositories, alongside memoirs and secondary sources, it traces Alptekin's political manoeuvring during key events like the Kumul Rebellion, Ili Uprising and post-1949 Communist consolidation. Findings reveal his efforts to counter Soviet influence, foster Uyghur identity and engage international actors, including Türkiye, Britain and the US, amid geopolitical tensions. The analysis highlights Alptekin's impact on Uyghur diaspora activism and Türkiye's evolving foreign policy, contributing to understandings of pan-Turkism, diaspora politics and the international dimensions of Uyghur political activism.