Enhancement in pervaporative performance of PDMS membrane for separation of styrene from wastewater by hybridizing with reduced graphene oxide

Abstract

The removal of styrene from wastewater by pervaporation was investigated by using composite PDMS membranes filled with reduced graphene oxide on PES support layers. Graphene oxide was synthesized through modified Hummers' method and then chemically reduced. The filler was characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, and AFM. The top layers with different PDMS molecular weights were cast on the PES supports, which were prepared by phase inversion method. The characterizations of prepared membranes were investigated by SEM, AFM, contact angle measurement, TGA, and DSC. It was observed that presence of the filler in the polymeric matrix controls the swelling of the membrane and enhances its solubility parameter in favor of styrene. Moreover, it significantly improves the thermal stability of the membranes. The mechanism of separation in the process was found to be affected mainly by enhancing in the membrane's solubility rather than in its diffusivity. The pervaporative performance of prepared membranes showed their great affinity toward styrene so that the separation factor of the optimum membrane (M2/S) was increased about 250% (600.4 in comparison to 241.4 for the unfilled membrane) while its total flux was decreased from 772.5 g m(-2).h(-1) for the unfilled membrane to 321.9 g m(-2).h(-1). Increasing the molecular weight of PDMS lowered the optimal rGO content due to the complexity of the diffusion path and occupation of free volume by longer polymer chains. Accordingly, a lower total flux (124.7 g for high MW compared to 718.0 g m(-2).h(-1) for low MW) and higher separation factor (822.5 m(-2).h(-1) for high MW compared to 230.8 for low MW) were yielded for the same filler content (0.1 wt% rGO).