Thymoquinone and cancer: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

Abstract

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural compound found in Nigella sativa seeds, commonly known as black cumin. Recently, studies investigating the anticancer potential of TQ have been increasing. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated that TQ exhibits antitumor effects across various cancer types, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. TQ exerts its anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. It has been found to stimulate apoptosis via different pathways, such as activation of caspases and prevention of antiapoptotic proteins. In addition to inducing apoptosis, TQ has also been found to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant characteristics, which may help to prevent cancer development and progression. TQ has been indicated to hinder the production of inflammatory cytokines, as well as to scavenge free radicals that can damage DNA and lead to cancerous mutations. Furthermore, TQ has been identified as having the ability to make cancer cells more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, potentially enhancing the effect of these treatments. While more investigation is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying TQ's anticancer effects, these outcomes reveal that TQ may be an encouraging natural compound for cancer treatment and prevention.