Time Perspective and affective vulnerability: a Latent Profile Analysis integrating Behavioral Activation and Inhibition systems

Abstract

Little is known about how distinct Time Perspective (TP) profiles relate to psychological distress and motivational systems, a gap with important clinical and theoretical implications. We aimed to explore latent profiles of TP and examine associations with depression and anxiety symptoms, deviation from balanced time perspective (DBTP), and reinforcement sensitivity dimensions. A sample of 378 Turkish adults (74.3% women; M = 33.18, SD = 12.16) completed measures of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Scale (BIS/BAS), depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7). We conducted Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) using the ZTPI subscales (+ Future Negative; FN). Profile differences on DBTP, BIS/BAS, and psychological distress were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). LPA findings suggested a five-profile solution: 1) temporally engaged, 2) high PN–high F, 3) balanced future-oriented, 4) past negative–future negative, and 5) temporal harmony. We observed significant group differences for depression, anxiety, DBTP, BIS (all ps < .001), and BAS (p = .01). Profiles one and four showed the highest levels of depression and anxiety (ps < .001) and BIS scores (p < .001), whereas the temporal harmony profile reported the lowest distress. TP profiles showed distinct links with motivational systems and mental health outcomes.