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Agricultural land in the Amazon basin supports low bird diversity and is a poor replacement for primary forest

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Neate-Clegg, Montague H. C.

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The Amazon has a long history of disturbance under subsistence agriculture, but slash-and-burn agriculture is small in scale and has relatively low impact on resident avifauna. More recently, the Amazon has suffered extensive deforestation in favor of cattle ranching and other modern systems of agriculture. Cattle pastures, mechanized agriculture, and even tree plantations have detrimental effects on bird communities, greatly lowering diversity, especially that of primary forest interior specialists. A rising threat to the Amazon is the spread of oil palm plantations that retain few bird species and are not viable alternatives to forest. Embedded within the expanding agropastoral mosaic are forest fragments that have experienced a well-documented loss of diversity. Yet, the matrix can mitigate the recovery of fragmented bird communities depending on the type of secondary regrowth. Connectivity via matrix habitats or forest corridors is critical for the maintenance of forest avifauna. With so many types of land use developing across the Amazon, the “tropical countryside” has potential value for bird diversity. However, evidence suggests that the agropastoral mosaic harbors a small, more homogenized avifauna with few forest species, especially when primary forest is absent from the landscape. For the Amazon Basin’s bird life to be conserved into the future, preservation of large tracts of well-connected primary forest is vital. Tropical countryside dominated by agriculture simply cannot sustain sufficient levels of biodiversity. / El Amazonas tiene una larga historia de disturbios bajo agricultura de subsistencia, pero la agricultura de tala y quema es pequeña en escala y tiene un impacto relativamente bajo en la avifauna residente. Más recientemente, el Amazonas ha sufrido una gran deforestación para la cría de ganado y otros sistemas modernos de agricultura. Las pasturas para ganadería, la agricultura mecanizada e incluso las plantaciones de árboles tienen efectos negativos en las comunidades de aves, disminuyendo marcadamente la diversidad, especialmente de los especialistas de interior de bosque primario. Una amenaza creciente para el Amazonas es el avance de las plantaciones de palma aceitera que retienen pocas especies de aves y que no son alternativas viables del bosque. Embebidos dentro del mosaico agro-pastoril en expansión están los fragmentos de bosque, que han sufrido una pérdida de diversidad que ha sido bien documentada. A pesar de esto, la matriz puede mitigar la recuperación de las comunidades fragmentadas de aves dependiendo del tipo de crecimiento secundario. La conectividad a través de los hábitats de la matriz o de corredores de bosque es crítica para el mantenimiento de la avifauna del bosque. Con tantos tipos de uso del suelo desarrollándose a través del Amazonas, la “ruralidad tropical” tiene valor potencial para la diversidad de aves. Sin embargo, la evidencia sugiere que el mosaico agro-pastoril alberga una avifauna pequeña y homogeneizada con pocas especies de bosque, especialmente cuando el bosque primario está ausente del paisaje. Para conservar a futuro las aves de la cuenca amazónica, es vital preservar grandes espacios de bosque primario bien conectados. La ruralidad tropical dominada por agricultura simplemente no puede mantener niveles suficientes de biodiversidad.

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Oxford Univ Press Inc

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Ornithology

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Condor

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10.1093/condor/duaa020

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02 - Zero Hunger
Hunger is the leading cause of death in the world. Our planet has provided us with tremendous resources, but unequal access and inefficient handling leaves millions of people malnourished. If we promote sustainable agriculture with modern technologies and fair distribution systems, we can sustain the whole world’s population and make sure that nobody will ever suffer from hunger again.
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Climate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization.The effects are already visible and will be catastrophic unless we act now. Through education, innovation and adherence to our climate commitments, we can make the necessary changes to protect the planet. These changes also provide huge opportunities to modernize our infrastructure which will create new jobs and promote greater prosperity across the globe.
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A flourishing life on land is the foundation for our life on this planet.We are all part of the planet’s ecosystem and we have caused severe damage to it through deforestation, loss of natural habitats and land degradation. Promoting a sustainable use of our ecosystems and preserving biodiversity is not a cause. It is the key to our own survival.

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