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Brain lymphatic vessels accompanying meningeal arteries in the human

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dc.contributor.departmentN/A
dc.contributor.kuauthorÇavdar, Safiye
dc.contributor.kuauthorAltınöz, Damlasu
dc.contributor.kuauthorDemir, Tevriz Dilan
dc.contributor.kuauthorBayraktaroğlu, Acar
dc.contributor.kuauthorGürses, İlke Ali
dc.contributor.kuauthorÖzcan, Gülnihal
dc.contributor.researchcenterKoç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM)
dc.contributor.schoolcollegeinstituteSchool of Medicine
dc.contributor.schoolcollegeinstituteGraduate School of Health Sciences
dc.date.accessioned2024-12-29T09:39:54Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: Recent studies showed the connection between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLN) via lymphatic vessels (LV)s. These LVs accompany dural sinuses, cranial nerves, and arteries. The present study aimed to show in addition to the main trunk of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) whether the anterior and posterior branches of MMA; the anterior (AMA) and posterior (PMA) meningeal arteries also have a role in brain lymphatic drainage in humans. Materials and method: Samples of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and its two main branches (anterior and posterior), anterior and posterior meningeal arteries (AMA and PMA) were obtained from 3 cadavers and 6 autopsies. Podoplanin (PDPN) (lymphatic endothelial marker) and CD31 (vascular endothelial marker) immunohistochemistry (IHC) were applied to 5 μm thick transverse sections and counterstained with hematoxylin. Furthermore, western blotting techniques were applied to the same tissue samples in 3 autopsy cases to demonstrate the presence of PDPN. Results: We observed the presence of the LVs along the main trunk of MMA and its two branches, AMA, and PMA. The LVs along the MMA (main trunk) had a larger diameter range than its branches and the AMA and PMA. The diameter of LVs of the PMA was larger than AMA. Furthermore, fluid channels with varying diameters and densities were closely localized to the LVs. The western blot PDPN protein expression confirmed IHC results. Conclusion: The LVs along the main trunk, anterior and posterior branches of the MMA, AMA, and PMA also provide an extracranial pathway for thought drainage of waste from the brain tissue in humans. Thus, the organization of the extracranial transport of LVs of the brain should be well-defined for understanding the role of lymphatic drainage in various neurological diseases. © 2024 The Authors
dc.description.indexedbyScopus
dc.description.openaccessAll Open Access
dc.description.openaccessHybrid Gold Open Access
dc.description.publisherscopeInternational
dc.description.sponsorsIt has been shown that lymphatic vessels (LV)s accompanying dural sinuses have a role in the extracranial transport of brain lymphatics [2,16,17]. In addition to these LVs, studies have shown the presence of LVs accompanying the main trunk of the MMA using lymphatic vessel endothelial markers [18,19]. The current study aims to show, whether the LVs are also present along the anterior and posterior branches of the MMA, the AMA, and the PMA using lymphatic endothelial marker podoplanin (PDPN) and vascular endothelial marker CD31 immunohistochemistry (IHC). The diameter of the LVs accompanying the meningeal arteries was measured to show the efficiency of each vessel in the extracranial transport of the vessels in the human brain. Furthermore, the western blotting technique will be used to support the PDPN expression in the same tissue sample.A total of 3 cadavers (1 male and 2 females; age range was 81\u201383) and 6 autopsy (5 males, and 1 female; age range was 30\u201358) cases were used in the present study. The tissue samples from autopsy cases were obtained within less than 24 h and none of the cases had a neurological disease. The calvarium was removed by routine autopsy dissection. The dura was detached from its bony attachments and was elevated with care. From the base of the skull, the 0.5 cm2 samples were obtained from the main trunk and branches (anterior and posterior) of MMA, AMA, and PMA for PDPN and CD31 IHC and western blotting techniques. The western blotting and IHC techniques support anatomical research, they enable the identification/localization of specific proteins within tissues [20]. The samples from the main trunk of the MMA were obtained as the arteries emerged from the foramen spinosum. The anterior and posterior branches of the MMA were harvested 1 cm distal to the bifurcation of the MMA. The PMA samples were obtained from their intracranial segments as they ascended lateral to the internal occipital crest, 2 cm posterior to the edge of the foramen magnum. The AMA samples were obtained at the anterior cranial fossa as the arteries emerged from the anterior ethmoidal foramen (Fig. 1).The PDPN western blotting results were verified by vascular endothelial marker CD31. The protein expression of PDPN in the anterior branch of the MMA was greater than in the main trunk and posterior branch of the MMA. The PDPN protein expression was higher in the PMA compared to the AMA. Thus, IHC results were supported by the western blotting technique (Fig. 5A and B).The current IHC results of PDPN and CD31 demonstrated the presence of LVs accompanying the main trunk, anterior and posterior branches of the MMA, AMA, and PMA. The average diameter of the LVs along the main trunk of MMA was larger than AMA and PMA. The average diameter of the LVs along the anterior branch was larger than the posterior branch of the MMA. The average diameter of the LVs along the PMA was larger than the AMA. The western blotting highly supported our IHC results. Furthermore, fluid channels were present and closely localized to the lymphatic and vascular structure along the main trunk, and anterior and posterior branches of the MMA, AMA, and PMA.The approval of the Istanbul Forensic Medicine (ATK) Research Ethical Committee number: 21589509/2023/111 was obtained for this study.The authors gratefully acknowledge the use of the services and facilities of the Ko\u00E7 University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), funded by the Presidency of Turkey, Head of Strategy and Budget. Graphical abstract was designed using Biorender (Agreement number: MT26WC3AMF).
dc.description.volume37
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.tria.2024.100321
dc.identifier.issn2214-854X
dc.identifier.quartileN/A
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85198292861
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100321
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/23158
dc.keywordsAnterior meningeal artery
dc.keywordsDura mater
dc.keywordsMeningeal lymphatic vessels
dc.keywordsMiddle meningeal artery
dc.keywordsPosterior meningeal artery
dc.languageen
dc.publisherElsevier GmbH
dc.sourceTranslational Research in Anatomy
dc.subjectMagnetic resonance imaging
dc.subjectAlzheimer's disease
dc.subjectCerebrospinal fluid
dc.titleBrain lymphatic vessels accompanying meningeal arteries in the human
dc.typeJournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
local.contributor.kuauthorÇavdar, Safiye
local.contributor.kuauthorAltınöz, Damlasu
local.contributor.kuauthorDemir, Tevriz Dilan
local.contributor.kuauthorBayraktaroğlu, Acar
local.contributor.kuauthorGürses, İlke Ali
local.contributor.kuauthorÖzcan, Gülnihal

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