Development of a non-invasive ventilator for emergency and beyond

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to the development and implementation of emergency ventilators owing to the shortage of ventilators globally. Using invasive ventilators for patient intubation has medical experts concerned about increasing mortality. Early intervention with oxygen and respiratory therapy reduces the need for intubation, increases survival rates, and reduces the stress of critical care ventilators in hospitals. This study explores the capabilities of an easy-to-build and accessible non-invasive ventilator during an emergency and the practical implementation of the ventilator beyond the scope of the emergency. The proposed system consists of a highpressure turbine integrated with a microcontroller and pressure and flow sensors assembled in a portable design. The non-invasive pressure support system is tested with a single-chamber high-precision lung simulator capable of simulating multiple lung diseases. The system is operated in a spontaneous pressure support mode as a Bi-level Ventilator for varying degrees of pressure level and lung conditions. The proposed study implements two most commonly adapted non-invasive patient circuits, i.e., single passive limb leak circuit and single limb active circuit. Both circuits are tested with and without leakage compensation. Two clinically accepted ventilation modes, i.e., pressure support and volume-assured pressure support ventilation, are presented. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using this type of device for non-invasive respiratory support and highlight the need for further testing to assess its safety and effectiveness in various clinical settings.