Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

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dc.contributor.authorid0000-0003-3193-0377
dc.contributor.coauthorTucker, Marlee A.
dc.contributor.coauthorSchipper, Aafke M.
dc.contributor.coauthorAdams, Tempe S. F.
dc.contributor.coauthorAttias, Nina
dc.contributor.coauthorAvgar, Tal
dc.contributor.coauthorBabic, Natarsha L.
dc.contributor.coauthorBarker, Kristin J.
dc.contributor.coauthorBastille-Rousseau, Guillaume
dc.contributor.coauthorBehr, Dominik M.
dc.contributor.coauthorBelant, Jerrold L.
dc.contributor.coauthorBeyer, Dean E., Jr.
dc.contributor.coauthorBlaum, Niels
dc.contributor.coauthorBlount, J. David
dc.contributor.coauthorBockmuhl, Dirk
dc.contributor.coauthorBoulhosa, Ricardo Luiz Pires
dc.contributor.coauthorBrown, Michael B.
dc.contributor.coauthorBuuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar
dc.contributor.coauthorCagnacci, Francesca
dc.contributor.coauthorCalabrese, Justin M.
dc.contributor.coauthorCerne, Rok
dc.contributor.coauthorChamaille-Jammes, Simon
dc.contributor.coauthorChan, Aung Nyein
dc.contributor.coauthorChase, Michael J.
dc.contributor.coauthorChaval, Yannick
dc.contributor.coauthorChenaux-Ibrahim, Yvette
dc.contributor.coauthorCherry, Seth G.
dc.contributor.coauthorCirovic, Dusko
dc.contributor.coauthorCoban, Emrah
dc.contributor.coauthorCole, Eric K.
dc.contributor.coauthorConlee, Laura
dc.contributor.coauthorCourtemanch, Alyson
dc.contributor.coauthorCozzi, Gabriele
dc.contributor.coauthorDavidson, Sarah C.
dc.contributor.coauthorDeBloois, Darren
dc.contributor.coauthorDejid, Nandintsetseg
dc.contributor.coauthorDeNicola, Vickie
dc.contributor.coauthorDesbiez, Arnaud L. J.
dc.contributor.coauthorDouglas-Hamilton, Iain
dc.contributor.coauthorDrake, David
dc.contributor.coauthorEgan, Michael
dc.contributor.coauthorEikelboom, Jasper A. J.
dc.contributor.coauthorFagan, William F.
dc.contributor.coauthorFarmer, Morgan J.
dc.contributor.coauthorFennessy, Julian
dc.contributor.coauthorFinnegan, Shannon P.
dc.contributor.coauthorFleming, Christen H.
dc.contributor.coauthorFournier, Bonnie
dc.contributor.coauthorFowler, Nicholas L.
dc.contributor.coauthorGantchoff, Mariela G.
dc.contributor.coauthorGarnier, Alexandre
dc.contributor.coauthorGehr, Benedikt
dc.contributor.coauthorGeremia, Chris
dc.contributor.coauthorGoheen, Jacob R.
dc.contributor.coauthorHauptfleisch, Morgan L.
dc.contributor.coauthorHebblewhite, Mark
dc.contributor.coauthorHeim, Morten
dc.contributor.coauthorHertel, Anne G.
dc.contributor.coauthorHeurich, Marco
dc.contributor.coauthorHewison, A. J. Mark
dc.contributor.coauthorHodson, James
dc.contributor.coauthorHoffman, Nicholas
dc.contributor.coauthorHopcraft, J. Grant C.
dc.contributor.coauthorHuber, Djuro
dc.contributor.coauthorIsaac, Edmund J.
dc.contributor.coauthorJanik, Karolina
dc.contributor.coauthorJezek, Milos
dc.contributor.coauthorJohansson, Orjan
dc.contributor.coauthorJordan, Neil R.
dc.contributor.coauthorKaczensky, Petra
dc.contributor.coauthorKamaru, Douglas N.
dc.contributor.coauthorKauffman, Matthew J.
dc.contributor.coauthorKautz, Todd M.
dc.contributor.coauthorKays, Roland
dc.contributor.coauthorKelly, Allicia P.
dc.contributor.coauthorKindberg, Jonas
dc.contributor.coauthorKrofel, Miha
dc.contributor.coauthorKusak, Josip
dc.contributor.coauthorLamb, Clayton T.
dc.contributor.coauthorLaSharr, Tayler N.
dc.contributor.coauthorLeimgruber, Peter
dc.contributor.coauthorLeitner, Horst
dc.contributor.coauthorLierz, Michael
dc.contributor.coauthorLinnell, John D. C.
dc.contributor.coauthorLkhagvaja, Purevjav
dc.contributor.coauthorLong, Ryan A.
dc.contributor.coauthorLopez-Bao, Jose Vicente
dc.contributor.coauthorLoretto, Matthias-Claudio
dc.contributor.coauthorMarchand, Pascal
dc.contributor.coauthorMartin, Hans
dc.contributor.coauthorMartinez, Lindsay A.
dc.contributor.coauthorMcBride, Roy T., Jr.
dc.contributor.coauthorMcLaren, Ashley A. D.
dc.contributor.coauthorMeisingset, Erling
dc.contributor.coauthorMelzheimer, Joerg
dc.contributor.coauthorMerrill, Evelyn H.
dc.contributor.coauthorMiddleton, Arthur D.
dc.contributor.coauthorMonteith, Kevin L.
dc.contributor.coauthorMoore, Seth A.
dc.contributor.coauthorVan Moorter, Bram
dc.contributor.coauthorMorellet, Nicolas
dc.contributor.coauthorMorrison, Thomas
dc.contributor.coauthorMueller, Rebekka
dc.contributor.coauthorMysterud, Atle
dc.contributor.coauthorNoonan, Michael J.
dc.contributor.coauthorO'Connor, David
dc.contributor.coauthorOlson, Daniel
dc.contributor.coauthorOlson, Kirk A.
dc.contributor.coauthorOrtega, Anna C.
dc.contributor.coauthorOssi, Federico
dc.contributor.coauthorPanzacchi, Manuela
dc.contributor.coauthorPatchett, Robert
dc.contributor.coauthorPatterson, Brent R.
dc.contributor.coauthorde Paula, Rogerio Cunha
dc.contributor.coauthorPayne, John
dc.contributor.coauthorPeters, Wibke
dc.contributor.coauthorPetroelje, Tyler R.
dc.contributor.coauthorPitcher, Benjamin J.
dc.contributor.coauthorPokorny, Bostjan
dc.contributor.coauthorPoole, Kim
dc.contributor.coauthorPotocnik, Hubert
dc.contributor.coauthorPoulin, Marie-Pier
dc.contributor.coauthorPringle, Robert M.
dc.contributor.coauthorPrins, Herbert H. T.
dc.contributor.coauthorRanc, Nathan
dc.contributor.coauthorReljic, Slaven
dc.contributor.coauthorRobb, Benjamin
dc.contributor.coauthorRoder, Ralf
dc.contributor.coauthorRolandsen, Christer M.
dc.contributor.coauthorRutz, Christian
dc.contributor.coauthorSalemgareyev, Albert R.
dc.contributor.coauthorSamelius, Gustaf
dc.contributor.coauthorSayine-Crawford, Heather
dc.contributor.coauthorSchooler, Sarah
dc.contributor.coauthorSekercioglu, Cagan H.
dc.contributor.coauthorSelva, Nuria
dc.contributor.coauthorSemenzato, Paola
dc.contributor.coauthorSergiel, Agnieszka
dc.contributor.coauthorSharma, Koustubh
dc.contributor.coauthorShawler, Avery L.
dc.contributor.coauthorSigner, Johannes
dc.contributor.coauthorSilovsky, Vaclav
dc.contributor.coauthorSilva, Joao Paulo
dc.contributor.coauthorSimon, Richard
dc.contributor.coauthorSmiley, Rachel A.
dc.contributor.coauthorSmith, Douglas W.
dc.contributor.coauthorSolberg, Erling J.
dc.contributor.coauthorEllis-Soto, Diego
dc.contributor.coauthorSpiegel, Orr
dc.contributor.coauthorStabach, Jared
dc.contributor.coauthorStacy-Dawes, Jenna
dc.contributor.coauthorStahler, Daniel R.
dc.contributor.coauthorStephenson, John
dc.contributor.coauthorStewart, Cheyenne
dc.contributor.coauthorStrand, Olav
dc.contributor.coauthorSunde, Peter
dc.contributor.coauthorSvoboda, Nathan J.
dc.contributor.coauthorSwart, Jonathan
dc.contributor.coauthorThompson, Jeffrey J.
dc.contributor.coauthorToal, Katrina L.
dc.contributor.coauthorUiseb, Kenneth
dc.contributor.coauthorVanAcker, Meredith C.
dc.contributor.coauthorVelilla, Marianela
dc.contributor.coauthorVerzuh, Tana L.
dc.contributor.coauthorWachter, Bettina
dc.contributor.coauthorWagler, Brittany L.
dc.contributor.coauthorWhittington, Jesse
dc.contributor.coauthorWikelski, Martin
dc.contributor.coauthorWilmers, Christopher C.
dc.contributor.coauthorWittemyer, George
dc.contributor.coauthorYoung, Julie K.
dc.contributor.coauthorZieba, Filip
dc.contributor.coauthorZwijacz-Kozica, Tomasz
dc.contributor.coauthorHuijbregts, Mark A. J.
dc.contributor.coauthorMueller, Thomas
dc.contributor.departmentDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics
dc.contributor.kuauthorŞekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı
dc.contributor.kuprofileFaculty Member
dc.contributor.schoolcollegeinstituteCollege of Sciences
dc.contributor.yokid327589
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-19T10:34:12Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractCOVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in averagemovements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.
dc.description.indexedbyWoS
dc.description.indexedbyScopus
dc.description.indexedbyPubMed
dc.description.issue6649
dc.description.openaccessGreen Submitted, Green Accepted, Green Published
dc.description.publisherscopeInternational
dc.description.sponsorsand H.S.C.) were made available through funds from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. The European Research Council Horizon2020 [AfricanBioServices 641918] , the British Ecological Society, the Paul Jones Family Trust, and the Lord Kelvin Adam Smith fund, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks (to J.G.C.H. and T.M.) . The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe Fish and Game Department and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Koniag Native Corporation, Old Harbor Native Corporation, Afognak Native Corporation, Ouzinkie Native Corporation, Natives of Kodiak Native Corporation and the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Slovenia Hunters Association and Slovenia Forest Service. F.C. was partly supported by the Resident Visiting Researcher Fellowship, IMeRA/Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) , which is financed by Germany 's Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society (NGS-82515R-20) (both grants to C.R.) . Author contributions: M.A.T. and T.M. conceived the manuscript; M.A.T. conducted the analyses and M.A.T. and T.M. wrote the first manuscript draft. Co-authors contributed data and assisted with writing the final version of the manuscript. Competing Interests: H.H.T.P. is a Member of the Welgevonden Scientific Advisory Committee and A.D.M. is a Senior Advisor for Wildlife Conservation for the US Department of Agriculture. C.R. is the President of the International Bio-Logging Society, a member of an expert group providing advice on animal culture and social complexity to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) , and member of the advisory committee of a WILDLABS research program aimed at identifying research and funding priorities in movement ecology. Data and materials availability: The full dataset used in the final analyses (33) and associated code (34) are available at Dryad. A subset of the spatial coordinate datasets is available at Zenodo (35) . Certain datasets of spatial coordinates will be available only through requests made to the authors due to conservation and Indigenous sovereignty concerns (see table S1 for more information on data use restrictions and contact information for data requests) . These sensitive data will be made available upon request to qualified researchers for research purposes, provided that the data use will not threaten the study populations, such as by distribution or publication of the coordinates or detailed maps. Some datasets, such as those overseen by government agencies, have additional legal restrictions on data sharing, and researchers may need to formally apply for data access. Collaborations with data holders are generally encouraged, and in cases where data are held by Indigenous groups or institutions from regions that are under -represented in the global science community, collaboration may be required to ensure inclusion.; License information: Copyright (c) 2023 the authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original US government works. https:// www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse garden, SAC Zoo, La Passarelle Conservation, Parc Animalier d 'Auvergne, Disney Conservation Fund, Fresno Chaffee zoo, Play for nature, North Florida Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, a Liber Ero Fellowship (to C.T.L.) , the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Teck Coal (to K.P.) , and the Grand Teton Association. The collection of Norwegian moose data was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency, the German Ministry of Education and Research via the SPACES II project ORYCS [FKZ:01LL1804A (to N.B.) ] , the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Bureau of Land Management, Muley Fanatic Foundation (including Southwest, Kemmerer, Upper Green, and Blue Ridge Chapters) , Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resources Trust, Knobloch Family Foundation, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Wyoming Governor 's Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, Pope and Young Club, US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Wyoming Wild Sheep Foundation, Wild Sheep Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife/Livestock Disease Research Partnership, the US National Science Foundation [IOS-1656642 and IOS-1656527 (to R.A.L. and R.M.P.) ] , the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [RYC-2015-18932; CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EU (to J.V.L.B.) ] , and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias [IDI/2021/000075 (to J.V.L.B.) ] , Sigrid Rausing Trust, Batubay ozkan, Barbara Watkins, NSERC Discovery Grant [RGPIN- 2021-02758 (to M.J.N.) ] , the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act under Pittman -Robertson project [AKW-12 (to N.J.S.) ] , the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803; CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/19_073/0016944 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.) ] , the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic [QK1910462 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.) ] , Rufford Foundation [grant 29681-1 (to D.N.K.) ] , an American Society of Mammalogists African Graduate Student Research Fund (to D.N.K.) , the German Science Foundation [HE 8857/1-1 (to A.G.H.) ] , the Israeli Science Foundation [grant 396/20 (to O.S.) ] , the BSF-NSF [2019822 and IOS2015662 (to O.S.) ] , the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food and Slovenian Research Agency (CRP V1-1626) , the Aage V. Jensen Naturfond (project: Kronvildt-viden, v ae rdier og v ae rktOjer) , the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany 's Excellence Strategy [EXC 2117 - 422037984 (to M.W.) ] , National Centre for Research and Development in Poland POLNOR/198352/85/2013 (project GLOBE) , the Slovenian Research Agency [P4-0059 and N1-0163 (to M.K.; ) ] , the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Whitley Fund for Nature, Acton Family Giving, Zoo Basel, Columbus, Bioparc de Doue-la-Fontaine, Zoo Dresden, Zoo Idaho, Kolmarden Zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo, La Passarelle, Zoo New England, Tierpark Berlin, Tulsa Zoo, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the National Science Foundation [LTREB 1556248 and 2038704 9 (to M.H., E.H.M., and H.M.) ] , Parks Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Alberta Environment and Parks, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Safari Club International and Alberta Conservation Association, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnologia (CONACYT) of Paraguay [14-INV-208 and PRONII] , the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, EU funded Interreg SI-HR 410 Carnivora Dinarica project, Paklenica and Plitvice Lakes National Parks, UK Wolf Conservation Trust, EURONATUR and Bernd Thies Foundation, the Messerli Foundation in Switzerland and WWF Germany, the European Union 's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk odowska-Curie Actions [grant agreement 798091 (to M.-C.L.) ] , NASA Ecological Forecasting Program [80NSSC21K1182] , the Ecotone Telemetry company (to S.C.-J.) , the French National Research Agency (to S.C.-J.) , LANDTHIRST [ANR-16-CE02-0001-01 (to S.C.-J.) ] , grant REPOS awarded by the i-Site MUSE thanks to the "Investissements d 'avenir " program [ANR-16-IDEX-0006 (to S.C.-J.) ] , the ANR Mov-It project [ANR-16-CE02-0010 (to A.J.M.H. and N.M.) ] , the USDA Hatch Act Formula Funding (MSN201473) , the Fondation Segre and North American and European Zoos listed at http:// www.giantanteater.org/, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (to D.O., T.A., and J.K.Y.) , the Yellowstone Forever and the National Park Service (to D.R.S, D.W.S., and C.G.) , Missouri Department of Conservation, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant PROJECT MO W103 -R1, and State University of New York, SNSF [31003A_ 182286 and 310030_204478 (to G.C.) ] , various donors to the Botswana Predator Conservation Program (to G.C.) , data from collared caribou in the Northwest Territories (to A.P.K., J.H., B.F.,
dc.description.volume380
dc.identifier.doi10.1126/science.abo6499
dc.identifier.eissn1095-9203
dc.identifier.issn0036-8075
dc.identifier.quartileQ1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85163907791
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6499
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/26753
dc.identifier.wos1059663700007
dc.keywordsWe used global positioning system (GPS) track
dc.languageen
dc.publisherAmer Assoc Advancement Science
dc.relation.grantnoDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories
dc.sourceScience
dc.subjectMolecular biology and genetics
dc.titleBehavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns
dc.typeJournal Article

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