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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/3
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Publication Metadata only Understanding patterns of accumulation: improving forecast-based decisions via nudging(Springer, 2024) Boz-Yilmaz, Hatice Zulal; Department of Psychology; Gököz, Zeynep Ayşecan Boduroğlu; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesIn this study we investigated challenges associated with comprehension of graphical patterns of accumulation (Experiment 1) and how to improve accumulation-based reasoning via nudging (Experiment 2). On each trial participants were presented with two separate graphs, each depicting a linear, saturating, or exponential data trajectory. They were then asked to make a binary decision based on their forecasts of how these trends would evolve. Correct responses were associated with a focus on the rate of increase in graphs; incorrect responses were driven by prior knowledge and beliefs regarding the context and/or selective attention towards the early phases of the line trajectories. To encourage participants to think more critically and accurately about the presented data, in Experiment 2, participants completed a nudge phase: they either made a forecast about a near horizon or read particular values on the studied trajectories prior to making their decisions. Forecasting about how the studied trajectories would progress led to improvements in determining expected accumulation growth. Merely reading values on the existing trajectory did not lead to improvements in decision accuracy. We demonstrate that actively asking participants to make specific forecasts prior to making decisions based on the accumulation trajectories improves decision accuracy.Publication Metadata only The role of culture and semantic organization in working memory updating(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2024) Leger, Krystal R.; Snyder, Hannah R.; Gutchess, Angela; Department of Psychology; Gököz, Zeynep Ayşecan Boduroğlu; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWesterners tend to relate items in a categorical manner, whereas Easterners focus more on functional relationships. The present study extended research on semantic organization in long-term memory to working memory. First, Americans' and Turks' preferences for categorical versus functional relationships were tested. Second, working memory interference was assessed using a 2-back working memory paradigm in which lure items were categorically and functionally related to targets. Next, a mediation model tested direct effects of culture and semantic organization on working memory task behaviour, and the indirect effect, whether semantic organization mediated the relationship between culture and working memory interference. Whereas Americans had slower response times to correctly rejecting functional lures compared to categorical lures, conditions did not differ for Turks. However, semantic organization did not mediate cultural difference in working memory interference. Across cultures, there was evidence that semantic organization affected working memory errors, with individuals who endorsed categorical more than functional pairings committing more categorical than functional errors on the 2-back task. Results align with prior research suggesting individual differences in use of different types of semantic relationships, and further that literature by indicating effects on interference in working memory. However, these individual differences may not be culture-dependent.Publication Metadata only The flashbulb-like nature of memory for the first Covid-19 case and the impact of the emergency. A cross-national survey(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2024) Lanciano, Tiziana; Alfeo, Federica; Curci, Antonietta; Marin, Claudia; D'Uggento, Angela Maria; Decarolis, Diletta; Oner, Sezin; Anthony, Kristine; Barzykowski, Krystian; Bascon, Miguel; Benavides, Alec; Cabildo, Anne; de la Mata-Benitez, Manuel Luis; Filip, Katarzyna; Gofman, Alena; Janssen, Steve M. J.; Kai-bin, Zhao; Markostamou, Ioanna; Matias-Garcia, Jose Antonio; Nourkova, Veronika; Oleksiak, Sebastian; Santamaria, Andres; Szpunar, Karl; Taylor, Andrea; Watson, Lynn Ann; Zheng, Jin; Department of Psychology; Ergen, İrem; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesFlashbulb memories (FBMs) refer to vivid and long-lasting autobiographical memories for the circumstances in which people learned of a shocking and consequential public event. A cross-national study across eleven countries aimed to investigate FBM formation following the first Covid-19 case news in each country and test the effect of pandemic-related variables on FBM. Participants had detailed memories of the date and others present when they heard the news, and had partially detailed memories of the place, activity, and news source. China had the highest FBM specificity. All countries considered the Covid-19 emergency as highly significant at both the individual and global level. The Classification and Regression Tree Analysis revealed that FBM specificity might be influenced by participants' age, subjective severity (assessment of Covid-19 impact in each country and relative to others), residing in an area with stringent Covid-19 protection measures, and expecting the pandemic effects. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated that age and subjective severity negatively predicted FBM specificity, whereas sex, pandemic impact expectedness, and rehearsal showed positive associations in the total sample. Subjective severity negatively affected FBM specificity in Turkey, whereas pandemic impact expectedness positively influenced FBM specificity in China and negatively in Denmark.Publication Metadata only Autobiographical phenomenology of memories of fiction(Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2024) Department of Psychology; Çetin, Osman Görkem; Gülgöz, Sami; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesMost autobiographical memories are based on real-life experiences, but memories of fiction have many similarities to real-life autobiographical memories. However, the phenomenological nature of this similarity, the potential differences between media types, and the role of individual differences need further investigation. Based on previous findings, we expected differences between media types on emotional intensity, sensory vividness, and confidence about the recall. To provide insight into these issues, we collected one real-life autobiographical memory and one memory of fiction (book, film, or video game) from 291 participants. We asked them to rate their memories phenomenologically. The participants also provided information regarding their motivations for engaging with fictional stories. Our results show phenomenological differences in several dimensions between media types and differences in the similarity of media types to real-life memories. While absorption seems to be a good predictor for immersion, escapism tendency is a motivation to engage with fiction frequently.Publication Metadata only Details in hand: how does gesturing relate to autobiographical memory?(Routledge, 2024) Güneş Acar, Naziye; Tekcan, Ali İ.; Department of Psychology; Göksun, Tilbe; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesGestures are an integral and inseparable component of speech and people frequently use gestures when retelling their autobiographical memories. This study investigates whether gestures are associated with the retrieval of episodically and phenomenologically rich memories and how this association changes during development. Thirty-five children and 46 adults were asked to report autobiographical memories. Then, they rated the recalled memories on phenomenological qualities. Episodic and non-episodic details of autobiographical memories and representational gestures produced during memory narration were coded. The use of representational gestures was positively correlated with the episodic details of adult memories; however, the same correlation was not present in child memories. The representational gesture use was not associated with the phenomenological qualities in both groups. Gesture use may be related to the retrieval of autobiographical memories, particularly in adults capable of reporting long, coherent memories.Publication Metadata only The effect of foreign language and psychological distance on moral judgment in Turkish-English bilinguals(Cambridge Univ Press, 2023) C. Brouwer, Susanne; Department of Psychology; Yavuz, Melisa; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; Graduate School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesPeople's judgements differ systematically while reading moral dilemmas in their native or their foreign language. This so-called Foreign Language Effect (FLE) has been found in many language pairs when tested with artificial, sacrificial moral dilemmas (i.e., Trolley and Footbridge). In Experiment 1, we investigated whether the FLE can be replicated in Turkish (native) - English (foreign) bilinguals using the same dilemmas (N = 203). These unrealistic and decontextualized dilemmas have been criticized for providing low external validity. Therefore, in Experiment 2, we (1) tested bilinguals with realistic scenarios which included the protagonist's age as a source of identity (child, adult, neutral), and (2) investigated the FLE in these scenarios (N = 467). Our results revealed that the FLE was not present in Turkish-English bilinguals, tested either on sacrificial dilemmas or realistic scenarios. Psychological distance of the scenarios, protagonists' age and the perceived age similarity with the protagonist affected moral judgments.Publication Metadata only The timing database: an open-access, live repository for interval timing studies(Springer, 2024) Aydoğan, Turaç; Karşılar, Hakan; Duyan, Yalçın Akın; Akdoğan, Başak; Baccarani, Alessia; Brochard, Renaud; De Corte, Benjamin; Crystal, Jonathon D.; Çavdaroğlu, Bilgehan; Gallistel, Charles Randy; Grondin, Simon; Gür, Ezgi; Hallez, Quentin; de Jong, Joost; van Maanen, Leendert; Matell, Matthew; Narayanan, Nandakumar S.; Özoğlu, Ezgi; Vatakis, Argiro; Freestone, David; Department of Psychology; Öztel, Tutku; Balcı, Fuat; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesInterval timing refers to the ability to perceive and remember intervals in the seconds to minutes range. Our contemporary understanding of interval timing is derived from relatively small-scale, isolated studies that investigate a limited range of intervals with a small sample size, usually based on a single task. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from individual studies are not readily generalizable to other tasks, conditions, and task parameters. The current paper presents a live database that presents raw data from interval timing studies (currently composed of 68 datasets from eight different tasks incorporating various interval and temporal order judgments) with an online graphical user interface to easily select, compile, and download the data organized in a standard format. The Timing Database aims to promote and cultivate key and novel analyses of our timing ability by making published and future datasets accessible as open-source resources for the entire research community. In the current paper, we showcase the use of the database by testing various core ideas based on data compiled across studies (i.e., temporal accuracy, scalar property, location of the point of subjective equality, malleability of timing precision). The Timing Database will serve as the repository for interval timing studies through the submission of new datasets. © 2022, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.Publication Metadata only How much trait variance is captured in autobiographical memory ratings?(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024) Usta, Berivan Ece; Department of Psychology; Aytürk, Ezgi; Gülgöz, Sami; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThis study examined the trait-variance in autobiographical memory recollection (AMR). Participants (N = 397) provided ratings on eight autobiographical memories elicited using cue words. Multilevel random coefficients modeling revealed that 43% of the variance in memory ratings was due to individual differences, while the remaining 57% was related to other factors. Scores on the Brief Autobiographical Recollection Test (Brief ART; Berntsen et al.), a measure of metacognitive evaluations of autobiographical memory, were significantly correlated with mean memory ratings. However, they only explained 34% of the variance in mean ratings, and 15% of the variance in the ratings of individual memories, suggesting that metacognitive evaluations do not fully coincide with actual memory experiences. These findings suggest that AMR is a complex phenomenon influenced by both stable individual differences and situational factors. Multilevel modeling provides a rigorous approach to gaining a more nuanced understanding of AMR by disentangling various sources of variance. © 2024 The Author(s). Applied Cognitive Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Publication Metadata only Characteristics and functions of predictive and directive memories and forecasts(Wiley, 2024) Department of Psychology; Ay, Demet; Gülgöz, Sami; Department of Psychology; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesEarlier research focused on three functions of recollecting the past self, social, and directive functions, but few studies examined the characteristics of events serving these functions. Moreover, research has neglected the function of prediction, which refers to predicting the future by recollecting the past. The current study distinguished the predictive function from the directive function and aimed to characterize memories and future events serving different functions by employing function prompts as cues. In addition, the frequency of using function-cued memories for the other functions was measured. Results showed that predictive and directive function ratings of the predictive function cued events were significantly different. However, directive events served the predictive function as frequently as the directive function, indicating that the predictive function is a prerequisite for future planning conceptualized under the directive function. The results are indicative of a distinct predictive function and considerable overlap between functions of memories.Publication Metadata only The functions of remembering the past and imagining the future during the Covid-19 pandemic(Wiley, 2024) Department of Psychology; Adıgüzel, Zeynep; Ay, Demet; Bilgin, Ezgi Büşra; Coşkuner, Selin Buse; Ergen, İrem; Gülgöz, Sami; Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities; College of Social Sciences and HumanitiesIn this study, we explored how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the functions of autobiographical memory and future projection over time. Between May and June 2020, we asked people (N = 286) to recall or imagine personal events from four time periods: past before the pandemic, past during the pandemic, future during the pandemic, and future after the pandemic ends. Participants rated self, social, directive, predictive, and emotion regulation functions, and the phenomenological characteristics of these events. We found that ratings for all functions decreased for the pandemic and increased for the future. Overall, this study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic created a breaking point, with memories being less functional at the beginning of the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic times and the future. However, imagined events that would occur after the pandemic ended were rated most functional, suggesting that people were still optimistic about a pandemic-free future.