Researcher:
Yıldız, Aysel

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Aysel

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Yıldız

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Yıldız, Aysel

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2018 - 201922020 - 20222

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    Diffusion of military knowledge in the 17th century Ottoman Empire: The case of Esirî Hasan Ağa’s “advices to commanders and soldiers”
    (Diavlos Publications, 2018) Theotokis, Georgios; N/A; Yıldız, Aysel; Researcher; N/A; N/A
    This article offers a unique chance to delve into a period of significant transformation in the Ottoman Empire through the eyes of an important and experienced military official of the Ottoman Army. A late-seventeenth author, Esirî Hasan Ağa, and his unpublished work, Mi'yârü'd-Düvel ve Misbârü'l- Milel Standards of States and Probe of Nations offer a good case study in terms of the transmission of military knowledge along the Habsburg-Ottoman frontiers of the seventeenth-century, focusing on the bloody conflicts between the two Empires that took place between 1593-1606 (the Long War), 1658-60, and 1683-99. As a junior military officer in the armorer corps, Esirî Hasan Ağa participated in several campaigns and spent two years in Austrian as a prisoner of war from 1687 to 1689 (Esirî means ‘the Captive’ in Ottoman Turkish). During his years in captivity he was used as forced labour and he had a chance to observe the Austrian military and figure out means and measures to overcome the present problems that plagued his own empire and its military. As a lieutenant to the chief armorer, he pays particular attention to military issues and has a separate section of the art of warfare, named ‚Advises to the Commanders and soldiers‛. Unlike the treaties of the late seventeenth-century, Esirî Hasan Ağa’s section resembles a military manual rather than a piece of mirror for princes. The article has two major aims: First, to study Esirî Hasan Ağa’s general views on warfare (strategy, operational and battle tactics, logistics, ideology etc.) and compare and contrast them with other samples of the same literary genre from different cultures (Byzantium, Western Europe, Medieval Islamic polities) to show the transmission of military knowledge between ‚military cultures‛ both horizontally (geographically) and vertically (chronologically). Another main concern would be to highlight Esirî Hasan Ağa’s views on the decline of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the eighteenth century, views and explanations that reflect those of an average military official of the Ottoman Empire of the period.
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    Pseudo-Janissarism (yeniçerilik iddiası) in the Ottoman provinces (with special reference to Adana): its emergence and its geographic and socio-economic aspects
    (İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi, 2022) Department of History; Yıldız, Aysel; Researcher; Department of History; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/A
    The privileged status of the Janissaries and the economic/military conditions prevalent in the Ottoman Empire prompted thousands of Muslims to claim a position in the Janissary Corps, often through illegal means. In this article we investigate an important aspect of this process, which we call “pseudoJanissarism”, and the way it spread on the Ottoman periphery, and discuss the case of Adana, which offers us the opportunity to analyze the social and economic composition of pseudo-Janissaries in the above-mentioned region. We first present a general assessment of the phenomenon in the period from 1600 to 1735, addressing the issue of its rise and early geographical expansion in the empire, its perception by the Ottoman administration, and the reasons behind its development. We claim that the rising numbers of both officially registered Janissaries and pretenders could change the internal dynamics in provincial towns, shape their local politics, and create various struggles over their economic resources. Considering pseudo-Janissarism as a mechanism of tax evasion and provincial networking, we subsequently elaborate on the case study of Adana’s pseudo-Janissaries, who became an important local political pressure group in the course of the eighteenth century, and discuss their socioeconomic profile, with the help of various archival sources. / Yeniçerilerin imtiyazlı statüleri ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda hüküm süren iktisadi/askeri koşullar, binlerce Müslüman tebaayı genellikle kaidelere aykırı yollardan da olsa Yeniçeri Ocağı’na girmeye sevk etmiştir. Bu makalede, sözü geçen sürecin önemli bir unsuru olan yeniçerilik iddiasının on yedinci ve on sekizinci Osmanlı taşrasında yayılma süreci incelenecek ve Adana örneği üzerinden yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunan bazı şahısların sosyal ve ekonomik profili analiz edilecektir. Bu maksatla, öncelikle 1600-1735 yıllarını kapsayan mühimme defterlerindeki verilere dayanarak, yeniçerilik iddiasının ortaya çıkışı, söz konusu dönemdeki coğrafi dağılımı, Osmanlı idarecileri tarafından algılanışı ile yayılmasındaki muhtelif faktörler tartışılacaktır. Ocağa kayıtlı gerçek yeniçerilerle yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunanların gittikçe artan sayısı, özellikle taşradaki birçok şehrin iç dinamiklerini değiştirerek, taşra siyasetine yön vermiş, bu şehirlerdeki siyasi güç ve kısıtlı ekonomik kaynaklar için yeni mücadeler doğurmuştur. Bu süreci daha iyi anlamak üzere, vergi muafiyeti elde etme ve taşra ağlarına eklemlenme mekanizması olarak değerlendirdiğimiz yeniçerilik iddiasının on sekizinci yüzyıl Adanası’ndaki yansımalarına bakılacaktır. Söz konusu dönemde, yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunan ve kentin önemli bir parçası haline gelen kişilerin sosyal ve ekonomik kimlikleri üzerine bir sondaj çalışması yapılacaktır.
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    Introduction: why war?
    (Diavlos Publications, 2018) Theotokis, Georgios; N/A; Yıldız, Aysel; Researcher; N/A; N/A
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Labor migration from Krusevo: mobility, Ottoman transformation, and the Balkan highlands in the 19th century
    (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2021) Department of History; Sefer, Akın; Yıldız, Aysel; Kabadayı, Mustafa Erdem; Researcher; Researcher; Faculty Member; Department of History; College of Social Sciences and Humanities; N/A; N/A; 33267
    Although mountainous regions remained relatively isolated and almost untouched by the Ottoman rule, labor migration connected the inhabitants of these regions to the socioeconomic and political processes in the Ottoman Empire and beyond. Krusevo, a highland village located in present-day North Macedonia, provides an excellent case for understanding these connections. This paper presents systematic evidence from the Ottoman archives to document and analyze the social, economic, and demographic impacts of labor migration during this period. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Ottoman population and tax records of Krusevo in the 1840s, demonstrating the occupational profiles, migration patterns, and family and neighborhood networks of village residents during this period. Based on this analysis, it argues that labor migration was key to the transformation of social, economic, and demographic relations in rural communities and to the integration of even the most remote highland villages with the modernization processes that characterized the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.