Researcher:
Alpanda, Berna Tuncay

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Berna Tuncay

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Alpanda

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Alpanda, Berna Tuncay

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2017 - 201932020 - 20213

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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Generic competition and price regulation in pharmaceuticals: evidence from the European Union
    (Peter Lang AG, 2021) N/A; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Teaching Faculty; Graduate School of Health Sciences; 258769
    The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of generic competition in European countries, given an understanding of these countries' different pharmaceutical price regulations. In particular, this study investigates the competitive effects of generic entry among the five largest European pharmaceutical markets; the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, and employs fully interacted model with comprehensive IMS data set for 10 years (1994-2003), in order to estimate the effect of generic entry on drug prices at the product level. Accordingly, this analysis finds that generic entry has a negative effect on prices in countries with free pricing originator market, whereas in countries with strict price and reimbursement regulation, generic competition is ineffective and/or counterproductive. Low regulated prices for originator products do not encourage generic entry following patent expiration. This finding is consistent with less generic firms and less competitive late entrants in regulated environments. Thus, strict price regulation undermines price competition in the off-patent market.
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    New money: Central bank digital currencies
    (Peter Lang AG, 2019) Karamollaoglu, Nazli; Department of Economics; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Teaching Faculty; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 258769
    Payment systems have been evolving along with technological advancements in the last couple decades. The introduction of different forms of electronic banking, the advance of Internet banking services, and advances in mobile phone and mobile payment technology have reduced the use of physical currency. Additionally, the first mover cryptocurrencies, bitcoin and its various alternatives (e.g., Ether, Litecoin), have been expanding their footprints, despite the volatility of their prices and the issues with their capability. These developments pose both opportunities and threats for Central Banks, particularly in the formulation of monetary policy and regulation of payment systems. Increased adoption of cryptocurrencies for payment transactions could undermine central banks' monetary policy missions as their policy power over the money in circulation would weaken. Weakened monetary policy control on the central bank side would risk financial stability. On the other hand, cryptocurrencies may also have positive impacts on the economy through various channels such as cost and time driven payment market efficiencies, financial inclusion, cashless society, and smaller informal sector. A central bank digital currency (CBDC) may have various characteristics related to its store of value, availability, settlement time, wallet and transaction limits, extent of use, being interest bearing or not and level of anonymity. While each characteristic has its own pros and cons, decisions on the CBDC characteristics need to be made by taking into account the country's circumstances, priorities, and ultimate policy objectives.
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    Impact of health policies on catastrophic health expenditures in Turkey
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Koçkaya, Güvenç; Aygün, Abidin; Yıldırım, Jülide; Department of Economics; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Teaching Faculty; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 258769
    Objectives: Turkish Health Transformation Program has been launched in 2003, to improve the availability, quality, and the use of primary health care services. The program aimed to rebuild Turkish health system and establish a national based health insurance coverage. According to TURKSTAT figures, the proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure decreased from 0.81 in 2002 to 0.14 in 2012. However, the ratio increased to 0.31 in 2014. The aim of the study is to investigate the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure and investigate the impact of health policies and factors on catastrophic health expenditure in Turkey. Methods: Catastrophic health expenditure is calculated from a national representative data derived from TURKSTAT, Household Budget Survey, belonging to the time period 2010 - 2015. Proportion of households facing catastrophic health expenditure are calculated by using the methodology proposed by Ke Xu (Xu 2005). Results: The average spending values of household with positive health expenditure have been decreased on pharmacy-related products(-36%), medical services (doctors)(-71%), hospital services(-84%), dentistry, and laboratory services. However, there was an increase in the average spending value on other medical products(+76%), medical aids(+79%) and other services. The average spending values of household with catastrophic health expenditure have been decreased on pharmacy-related products(-64%), medical services (doctors)(-57%), dentistry, and laboratory services. However, there was an increase in the average spending value on other medical products(+79%), medical aids(+193%) and hospital services(+93%). Conclusions: As a result, the increase in the number of households with catastrophic health expenditure could be the result of changes in health policy may impact on medical products, tools and equipment for treatment, other medicinal products, medical aids, other services and hospital services. Further studies should be done to investigate this effect.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Using threshold co-integration to estimate asymmetric price transmission in the Turkish milk market
    (Bononia University Press, 2021) Bor, Özgür; Department of Economics; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Teaching Faculty; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics; 258769
    We investigate the price dynamics between retail milk price and raw milk price in the Turkish fluid milk market. The study uses monthly fluid milk prices for 14 years between January 2003 and December 2016. We analyze the price adjustment in the fluid milk market through an asymmetric error correction model with threshold co-integration. We find that the transmission between the two prices has been asymmetric in both the long term and short term period. Differences between the farm milk prices and retail milk prices may exist due to marketing costs across the supply chain and pricing policies associated with the market structure. Results of the long-run analysis indicate a significant market power in the fluid milk market. Therefore, in this asymmetric case, the deviations are likely to be the reason for the market power of the processors/retailers and the reason for the oligopolistic market structure in the sector.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    A comparison of game-theoretic models for parallel trade
    (World Scientific Publishing, 2018) Gnecco, Giorgio; Pammolli, Fabio; Department of Economics; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Faculty Member; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics
    Within the EU Single Market for medicines, differences in drug prices, regulations, and transaction costs may create, under suitable conditions, arbitrage opportunities well before patent expiration, giving an incentive to the occurrence of parallel trade. When this is permitted, parallel traders may obtain a profit from buying drugs in a country where prices are lower, then re-selling them in a country where prices are higher. This phenomenon may came inefficiencies from a global welfare perspective, and reduce the manufacturers' incentive to invest in Research and Development (R & D). Given this framework, in this paper, we investigate the efficiency (expressed in terms of the price of anarchy) of the subgame-perfect Nash equilibria associated with five dynamic noncooperative game-theoretic models for the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals. We also compare such models with regard to the manufacturer's incentive to invest in R & D. More specifically, first we find in closed form the optimal value of the global welfare of two countries, which is obtained by solving a suitable quadratic optimization problem modeling the decision-making process of a global planner. Then, we use such a result. to evaluate and compare the prices of anarchy of five games modeling the interaction between a manufacturer in the first country and a potential parallel trader in the second country. The first three games refer, respectively, to the cases of no parallel trade threat, parallel trade threat, and parallel trade occurrence at equilibrium. Then, we investigate two modifications of the third game, in which its transfer payment from the potential parallel trader to the manufacturer is, respectively, removed/determined by Nash bargaining. For completeness, we also consider a decision-theoretic model of no parallel trade threat. For what concerns the incentive for the manufacturer to invest in R & D, the results of our numerical comparison show that the decision-theoretic model of no parallel trade threat is always the one with the highest incentive, whereas the two game-theoretic models of parallel trade threat/occurrence that do not include the transfer payment provide typically the lowest incentives. Moreover, the latter two models have the highest prices of anarchy (i.e., their equilibria have the lowest efficiencies). From a policy-making perspective, improvements are obtained if suitable countermeasures are taken to help the manufacturer recover from the costs of R & D, such as the inclusion of a transfer payment in the model.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Prescribing behavior of general practitioners for generic drugs
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2020) Pagano, Sergio; De Santis, Mario; Cavallo, Pierpaolo; Department of Economics; Alpanda, Berna Tuncay; Teaching Faculty; Department of Economics; College of Administrative Sciences and Economics
    The factors influencing General Practitioners’ (GPs) prescribing behavior are diverse in terms of health care policies and regulations, GPs’ education and experience, demographic trends and disease profiles. Thus, it can be useful to analyze the specific local patterns, as they affect the quality of healthcare and the stability of the healthcare market. The aim of the present longitudinal retrospective study is to investigate the prescription of generic drugs in a database of about 4.6 million prescriptions from a sample of 38 GPs practicing in Salerno, Italy, within a timeframe of 15 years, from 2001 to 2015. The GPs in our study show a general tendency to increase prescriptions of generic drugs during the studied time span, to fulfill regulatory obligations and with some differences in prescription behavior according to age, gender and experience. The generics prescription depends also on the different diagnoses, with some diagnostic areas showing a greater generic drug prescription rate. Expanding this research to larger datasets would allow deepening the knowledge of the patterns of GPs’ prescribing decisions, to provide evidence to be used in comparison between different national settings.