Flexibility of territorial aggression in urban and rural chaffinches

Abstract

Rapid environmental change due to urbanization poses novel challenges to animals. Behavioral change and individual plasticity are generally hypothesized to be the key to adapting to these challenges. One commonly observed behavioral change is higher observed aggression levels in urban animals, perhaps because anthropogenic noise disrupts effective acoustic communication during conflicts, leading to greater use of physical aggression. We investigated the hypothesis that urban noise drives aggression by performing repeated simulated territorial intrusion experiments on rural and urban chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs). We expected urban chaffinches to be more aggressive, change their aggression levels more between trials, and for aggression to increase with noise levels, irrespective of the habitat. We found that while aggression did not differ between habitats in the initial trial, rural chaffinches decreased their aggression level in the second trial and thus were less aggressive than the urban chaffinches, which did not change their response. That is, urban birds were less flexible in responding to an intruder than rural birds, contrary to previous findings in other songbirds. Moreover, aggression levels correlated positively with ambient noise levels. Given our small sample size and lack of spatial replicates, our results should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, as a lack of flexibility in aggression is potentially costly, our results highlight the importance of studying the plasticity in aggressive behavior in human-impacted landscapes. © 2026 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by British Ecological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.