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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14288/6

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Open Access
A 2D MEMS stage for optical applications
(Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), 2006) Ataman, Çağlar; Petremand, Yves; Noell, Wilfried; Epitaux, Marc; de Rooij, Nico F.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Ürey, Hakan; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 8579
A 2D MEMS platform for a microlens scanner application is reported. The platform is fabricated on an SOI wafer with 50/μm thick device layer. Entire device is defined with a single etching step on the same layer. Through four S-shaped beams, the device is capable of producing nonlinear 2D motion from linear ID translation of two pairs of comb actuator sets. The device has a clear aperture of 2mm by 2mm, which is hallowed from the backside for micro-optics assembly. In this paper, a numerical device model and its validation via experimental characterization results are presented. Integration of the micro-optical components with the stage is also discussed. Additionally, a new driving scheme to minimize the settling time of the device in DC operation is explored.
Open Access
A cartridge based sensor array platform for multiple coagulation measurements from plasma
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2015) Bulut, Serpil; Yaralioglu, G. G.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Çakmak, Onur; Ermek, Erhan; Kılınç, Necmettin; Barış, İbrahim; Kavaklı, İbrahim Halil; Ürey, Hakan; PhD Student; Other; Researcher; Teaching Faculty; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; College of Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; College of Sciences; N/A; 109991; N/A; 111629; 40319; 8579
This paper proposes a MEMS-based sensor array enabling multiple clot-time tests for plasma in one disposable microfluidic cartridge. The versatile LoC (Lab-on-Chip) platform technology is demonstrated here for real-time coagulation tests (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT)). The system has a reader unit and a disposable cartridge. The reader has no electrical connections to the cartridge. This enables simple and low-cost cartridge designs and avoids reliability problems associated with electrical connections. The cartridge consists of microfluidic channels and MEMS microcantilevers placed in each channel. The microcantilevers are made of electroplated nickel. They are actuated remotely using an external electro-coil and the read-out is also conducted remotely using a laser. The phase difference between the cantilever oscillation and the coil drive is monitored in real time. During coagulation, the viscosity of the blood plasma increases resulting in a change in the phase read-out. The proposed assay was tested on human and control plasma samples for PT and aPTT measurements. PT and aPTT measurements from control plasma samples are comparable with the manufacturer's datasheet and the commercial reference device. The measurement system has an overall 7.28% and 6.33% CV for PT and aPTT, respectively. For further implementation, the microfluidic channels of the cartridge were functionalized for PT and aPTT tests by drying specific reagents in each channel. Since simultaneous PT and aPTT measurements are needed in order to properly evaluate the coagulation system, one of the most prominent features of the proposed assay is enabling parallel measurement of different coagulation parameters. Additionally, the design of the cartridge and the read-out system as well as the obtained reproducible results with 10 mu l of the plasma samples suggest an opportunity for a possible point-of-care application.
Open Access
A deep learning approach for data driven vocal tract area function estimation
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018) Department of Computer Engineering; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Erzin, Engin; Asadiabadi, Sasan; Faculty Member; Department of Computer Engineering; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Sciences; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 34503; N/A
In this paper we present a data driven vocal tract area function (VTAF) estimation using Deep Neural Networks (DNN). We approach the VTAF estimation problem based on sequence to sequence learning neural networks, where regression over a sliding window is used to learn arbitrary non-linear one-to-many mapping from the input feature sequence to the target articulatory sequence. We propose two schemes for efficient estimation of the VTAF; (1) a direct estimation of the area function values and (2) an indirect estimation via predicting the vocal tract boundaries. We consider acoustic speech and phone sequence as two possible input modalities for the DNN estimators. Experimental evaluations are performed over a large data comprising acoustic and phonetic features with parallel articulatory information from the USC-TIMIT database. Our results show that the proposed direct and indirect schemes perform the VTAF estimation with mean absolute error (MAE) rates lower than 1.65 mm, where the direct estimation scheme is observed to perform better than the indirect scheme.
Open Access
A fast, accurate, and separable method for fitting a Gaussian function
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019) Al-Nahhal Ibrahim; Dobre Octavia A.; Moloney Cecilia; Ikki Salama; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Başar, Ertuğrul; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 149116
Open Access
A generalization of multiple-mode OFDM with index modulation
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018) Wen, Miaowen; Li, Qiang; Zhang, Wensong; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Başar, Ertuğrul; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 149116
In this paper, we propose the scheme of generalized multiple-mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (GMM-OFDM-IM), which allows a different subcarrier to utilize a signal constellation of a different size while conveying the same number of IM hits. Considering phase shift keying (PSK) constellations, we present design guidelines for GMM-OFDM-IM to achieve the optimal error performance in the asymptotically high signal-to-noise ratio region. A computationally efficient and near-optimal detector based on the idea of sequential decoding is also tailored to GMM-OFDM-IM to avoid the detection of an illegimate constellation permutation. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to examine GNIM-OFDM-IM, whose inherent properties and advantages are revealed by the simulation results.
Open Access
A hybrid architecture for federated and centralized learning
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022) Elbir, Ahmet M.; Papazafeiropoulos, Anastasios K.; Kourtessis, Pandelis; Chatzinotas, Symeon; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Ergen, Sinem Çöleri; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 7211
Many of the machine learning tasks rely on centralized learning (CL), which requires the transmission of local datasets from the clients to a parameter server (PS) entailing huge communication overhead. To overcome this, federated learning (FL) has been suggested as a promising tool, wherein the clients send only the model updates to the PS instead of the whole dataset. However, FL demands powerful computational resources from the clients. In practice, not all the clients have sufficient computational resources to participate in training. To address this common scenario, we propose a more efficient approach called hybrid federated and centralized learning (HFCL), wherein only the clients with sufficient resources employ FL, while the remaining ones send their datasets to the PS, which computes the model on behalf of them. Then, the model parameters are aggregated at the PS. To improve the efficiency of dataset transmission, we propose two different techniques: i) increased computation-per-client and ii) sequential data transmission. Notably, the HFCL frameworks outperform FL with up to 20% improvement in the learning accuracy when only half of the clients perform FL while having 50% less communication overhead than CL since all the clients collaborate on the learning process with their datasets.
Open Access
A lightning discharge producing a beam of relativistic electrons into space
(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2010) Cohen, M. B.; Said, R. K.; Briggs, M. S.; Fishman, G. J.; Connaughton, V.; Cummer, S. A.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; İnan, Umran Savaş; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 177880
Strong electric fields associated with lightning generate brief (similar to 1 ms) but intense Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), detected by spacecrafts. A few events are thought to be the signature of a relativistic electron beam escaping the atmosphere, which is distinguishable from a TGF since the lightning discharge is along the geomagnetic field line from the spacecraft, rather than below. We refer to this event herein as a 'Terrestrial Energetic-electron Flash' (TEF), and present the first TEF with associated discharge. The TEF was detected by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor aboard the Fermi satellite, and is correlated with a lightning discharge detected by three Stanford University AWESOME ELF/VLF receivers, a Duke University ULF receiver, and by the GLD360 lightning geolocation network. The discharge, nearly simultaneous with the generated electrons, was of intense peak current and of positive polarity, and with a modest total charge transfer, similar to TGF-associated discharges.
Open Access
A low-SWaP, low-Cost transceiver for physically secure UAV communication with visible light
(Springer, 2020) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Ergen, Sinem Çöleri; Soner, Burak; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 7211; N/A
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are expected to utilize optical wireless technologies alongside radio frequency technologies for reliable, secure and high bandwidth communications. While terrestrial and atmospheric laser-based solutions in the past have achieved physically secure communication with very complex beam tracking/pointing mechanisms with large and costly telescopes, such systems are neither suitable nor necessary for medium-range (<100 m) commercial UAV communications. With the proliferation of low-cost solid-state lighting equipment and visible band photodetectors, visible light communications (VLC) offer a low-size-weight-and-power (SWaP) and low-cost solution. This paper presents a novel low-SWaP and low-cost transceiver for physically secure VLC in medium-range commercial UAV applications. Full implementation details for a proof-of-concept prototype built completely with off-the-shelf components are also reported.
Open Access
A MEMS based visible-NIR Fourier transform microspectrometer - art. no. 61860C
(Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), 2006) Wolter, A.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Ataman, Çağlar; Ürey, Hakan; Işıkman, Serhan Ömer; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; College of Engineering; N/A; 8579; N/A
Design, fabrication and characterization of a novel out-of-plane vertical comb-drive actuator based Fourier transform microspectrometer (FTS) is presented. The spectrometer utilizes resonant mode vertical comb actuators as a variable-depth diffraction grating and a single photodetector to monitor the 0th order of the diffraction pattern. The spectrum of the source illuminating the gratings is computed by Fourier transforming the 0th order intensity as a function of the optical path difference. The vertical comb actuators have a travel range of 100 mu m under atmospheric pressure with 28V excitation, which yields a theoretical spectral resolution of 0.5nm in the visible and better than 5nm in the telecom wavelengths.
Open Access
A new RIS architecture with a single power amplifier: energy efficiency and error performance analysis
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022) Alexandropoulos, George C.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Başar, Ertuğrul; Taşçı, Recep Akif; Kılınç, Fatih; Faculty Member; Master Student; Researcher; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; College of Engineering; 149116; N/A; N/A
Many electrochemical devices are based on the fundamental process of ion migration and accumulation on surfaces. Complex interplay of molecular properties of ions and device dimensions control the entire process and define the overall dynamics of the system. Particularly, for ionic liquid-based electrolytes it is often not clear which property, and to what extent, contributes to the overall performance of the device. Herein we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) while the device is under electrical bias. Such a procedure reveals localized electrical potential developments, through binding energy shifts of the atomic core levels, in a chemically specific fashion. Combining it with square-wave AC modulation, the information can also be extended to time domain, and we investigate devices configured as a coplanar capacitor, with an ionic liquid as the electrolyte, in macro-dimensions. Our analysis reveals that a nonlinear voltage profile across the device emerges from spatially non-uniform electrical double layer formation on electrode surfaces. Interestingly the coplanar capacitor has an extremely slow time response which is particularly controlled by IL film thickness. XPS measurements can capture the ion dynamics in the tens of seconds to microseconds range, and reveal that ionic motion is all over the device, including on metallic electrode regions. This behavior can only be attributed to motion in more than one dimension. The ion dynamics can also be faithfully simulated by using a modified PNP equation, taking into account steric effects, and device dimensions. XPS measurements on two devices with different dimensions corroborated and validated the simulation results. The present results propose a new experimental approach and provide new insights into the dynamics of ions across electrochemical devices.
Open Access
A new type of microphotoreactor with integrated optofluidic waveguide based on solid-air nanoporous aerogels
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2018) Jonas, Alexandr; Department of Chemistry; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Department of Physics; Özbakır, Yaprak; Erkey, Can; Kiraz, Alper; PhD Student; Faculty Member; Faculty Member; Department of Chemistry; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Department of Physics; College of Engineering; College of Sciences; N/A; 29633; 22542
In this study, we developed a new type of microphotoreactor based on an optofluidic waveguide with aqueous liquid core fabricated inside a nanoporous aerogel. To this end, we synthesized a hydrophobic silica aerogel monolith with a density of 0.22 g cm(-3) and a low refractive index of 1.06 that-from the optical point of view-effectively behaves like solid air. Subsequently, we drilled an L-shaped channel within the monolith that confined both the aqueous core liquid and the guided light, the latter property arising due to total internal reflection of light from the liquid-aerogel interface. We characterized the efficiency of light guiding in liquid-filled channel and-using the light delivered by waveguiding-we carried out photochemical reactions in the channel filled with aqueous solutions of methylene blue dye. We demonstrated that methylene blue could be efficiently degraded in the optofluidic photoreactor, with conversion increasing with increasing power of the incident light. The presented optofluidic microphotoreactor represents a versatile platform employing light guiding concept of conventional optical fibres for performing photochemical reactions.
Open Access
A novel NOMA solution with RIS partitioning
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Başar, Ertuğrul; Khaleel, Aymen; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 149116; N/A
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) empowered communications with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has recently become an appealing research direction for nextgeneration wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a novel NOMA solution with RIS partitioning, where we aim to enhance the spectrum efficiency by improving the ergodic rate of all users, and to maximize the user fairness. In the proposed system, we distribute the physical resources among users such that the base station (BS) and RIS are dedicated to serve different clusters of users. Furthermore, we formulate an RIS partitioning optimization problem to slice the RIS elements between the users such that the user fairness is maximized. The formulated problem is shown to be a non-convex and non-linear integer programming (NLIP) problem with a combinatorial feasible set, which is challenging to solve. Therefore, we exploit the structure of the problem to bound its feasible set and obtain a sub-optimal solution by sequentially applying three efficient search algorithms. Furthermore, we derive exact and asymptotic expressions for the outage probability. Simulation results clearly indicate the superiority of the proposed system over the considered benchmark systems in terms of ergodic sum-rate, outage probability, and user fairness performance.
Open Access
A novel RIS-assisted modulation scheme
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021) Yang, Liang; Meng, Fanxu; Hasna, Mazen O.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Başar, Ertuğrul; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 149116
In this work, in order to achieve higher spectrum efficiency, we propose a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multi-user communication uplink system. Different from previous work in which the RIS only optimizes the phase of the incident users’ signal, we propose the use of the RIS to create a virtual constellation diagram to transmit the data of an additional user. We focus on the two-user case and develop a tight approximation for the probability distribution function (PDF) of the minimum distance between constellation points of both users. Then, based on the proposed statistical distribution, we derive the analytical expressions of the average bit error rate of the considered two users. The letter also shows the trade off between the performance of two users as a function of the proposed phase shift at the RIS.
Open Access
A practical approach for rate-distortion-perception analysis in learned image compression
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Tekalp, Ahmet Murat; Kırmemiş, Ogün; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 26207; N/A
Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) of codecs, where distortion is quantified by the mean-square error, has been a standard practice in image/video compression over the years. RDO serves well for optimization of codec performance for evaluation of the results in terms of PSNR. However, it is well known that the PSNR does not correlate well with perceptual evaluation of images; hence, RDO is not well suited for perceptual optimization of codecs. Recently, rate-distortion-perception trade-off has been formalized by taking the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the distributions of the original and reconstructed images as a perception measure. Learned image compression methods that simultaneously optimize rate, mean-square loss, VGG loss, and an adversarial loss were proposed. Yet, there exists no easy approach to fix the rate, distortion or perception at a desired level in a practical learned image compression solution to perform an analysis of the trade-off between rate, distortion and perception measures. In this paper, we propose a practical approach to fix the rate to carry out perception-distortion analysis at a fixed rate in order to perform perceptual evaluation of image compression results in a principled manner. Experimental results provide several insights for practical rate-distortion-perception analysis in learned image compression.
Open Access
A queueing-theoretical delay analysis for intra-body nervous nanonetwork
(Elsevier, 2015) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Abbasi, Naveed Ahmed; Akan, Özgür Barış; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering
Nanonetworks is an emerging field of study where nanomachines communicate to work beyond their individual limited processing capabilities and perform complicated tasks. The human body is an example of a very large nanoscale communication network, where individual constituents communicate by means of molecular nanonetworks. Amongst the various intra-body networks, the nervous system forms the largest and the most complex network. In this paper, we introduce a queueing theory based delay analysis model for neuro-spike communication between two neurons. Using standard queueing model blocks such as servers, queues and fork-join networks, impulse reception and processing through the nervous system is modeled as arrival and service processes in queues. Simulations show that the response time characteristics of the model are comparable to those of the biological neurons.
Open Access
A silicon photonic data link with a monolithic erbium-doped laser
(Nature Publishing Group (NPG), 2020) Li, Nanxi; Xin, Ming; Su, Zhan; Singh, Neetesh; Notaros, Jelena; Timurdoğan, Erman; Purnawirman, Purnawirman; Bradley, Jonathan D.B.; Watts, Michael R.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Mağden, Emir Salih; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 276368
To meet the increasing demand for data communication bandwidth and overcome the limits of electrical interconnects, silicon photonic technology has been extensively studied, with various photonics devices and optical links being demonstrated. All of the optical data links previously demonstrated have used either heterogeneously integrated lasers or external laser sources. This work presents the first silicon photonic data link using a monolithic rare-earth-ion-doped laser, a silicon microdisk modulator, and a germanium photodetector integrated on a single chip. The fabrication is CMOS compatible, demonstrating data transmission as a proof-of-concept at kHz speed level, and potential data rate of more than 1 Gbps. This work provides a solution for the monolithic integration of laser sources on the silicon photonic platform, which is fully compatible with the CMOS fabrication line, and has potential applications such as free-space communication and integrated LIDAR.
Open Access
A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning-ionosphere interactions and causative discharges
(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2010) Cummer, S. A.; Marshall, R. A.; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; İnan, Umran Savaş; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 177880
Extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) observations have formed the cornerstone of measurement and interpretation of effects of lightning discharges on the overlying upper atmospheric regions, as well as near-Earth space. ELF (0.3-3 kHz) and VLF (3-30 kHz) wave energy released by lightning discharges is often the agent of modification of the lower ionospheric medium that results in the conductivity changes and the excitation of optical emissions that constitute transient luminous events (TLEs). In addition, the resultant ionospheric changes are best (and often uniquely) observable as perturbations of subionospherically propagating VLF signals. In fact, some of the earliest evidence for direct disturbances of the lower ionosphere in association with lightning discharges was obtained in the course of the study of such VLF perturbations. Measurements of the detailed ELF and VLF waveforms of parent lightning discharges that produce TLEs and terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) have also been very fruitful, often revealing properties of such discharges that maximize ionospheric effects, such as generation of intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) or removal of large quantities of charge. In this paper, we provide a review of the development of ELF and VLF measurements, both from a historical point of view and from the point of view of their relationship to optical and other observations of ionospheric effects of lightning discharges.
Open Access
A wearable paper-integrated microfluidic device for sequential analysis of sweat based on capillary action
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2022) Koydemir, Hatice Ceylan; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Beker, Levent; Abbasiasl, Taher; Mirlou, Fariborz; İstif, Emin; Faculty Member; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering; 308798; N/A; N/A; N/A
Soft, skin-mounted microfluidic devices can collect microliter volumes of eccrine sweat and are capable of in situ real-time analysis of different biomarkers to assess physiological state and health. Chrono-analysis of sweat can be implemented to monitor temporal variations of biomarker concentrations over a certain period of interest. Conventional methods used to capture sweat or some of the newly developed microfluidic platforms for sweat collection and analysis are based on absorbent pads. They suffer from evaporation, leading to considerable deviations in the concentration of the biomarkers. Here, a paperintegrated microfluidic device is presented for sequential analysis of sweat that is easy to fabricate and does not include air exits for each reservoir, which reduces undesirable effects of sweat evaporation. Furthermore, the high capillary force of filter paper is leveraged to route the liquid into the chambers in a sequential fashion and allow further chemical analysis. The employed design of the paper-embedded microfluidic device successfully samples and analyzes artificial sweat sequentially for flow rates up to 5 ?L min?1 without showing any leakage. We demonstrated the performance of the device, employing colorimetric assays for chrono-analysis of glucose standard solutions at concentrations in the range of 10– 100 mM and pH of sweat during exercise. The results reveal the presented approach's functionality and potential to analyze the concentration of biomarkers over a certain period sequentially.
Open Access
A ZigBee based reliable and efficient power metering system for energy management and controlling
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Çetinkaya, Oktay; Akan, Özgür Barış; Researcher; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering
Planning and management of energy are among the most important topics nowadays due to the fact that the existing power plants and systems fail to satisfy the energy demand and keep up with the daily developing technologies. To maintain the energy need of the existing systems, researchers are aiming to improve usage and savings of available resources and systems. For example, power metering system has been proposed to decrease the energy wasting. The purpose of this system can be explained as limiting the energy consumption in some cases like stand-by or while switching programs or devices which the system is installed on. By blocking the unnecessary consumption of energy, profits and savings are targeted. In this work, a new power meter system based on ZigBee technology is designed and implemented to obtain a more efficient structure and reduce the number of disadvantages of the existing technologies. In SmartPlug, the MCU was moved into the plug from outer environment and shifting the host to a spectator to eliminate user based faults and/or problems. Moreover, the proposed structure enhances the safety by detecting the sudden voltage fluctuations and preventing the possible damages of end-devices. In addition to these, we prove that cutting of stand-by powers and limiting the energy consumption by arranging the working hours of devices based on energy unit prices provide efficient, right and cheap usage of the energy.
Open Access
Adaptive time resolved mass spectrometry with nanomechanical resonant sensors
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; Demir, Alper; Faculty Member; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; College of Engineering; 3756
Nanomechanical resonant sensors that are based on detecting and tracking the resonance frequency deviations due to events of interest are being advocated for a variety of applications. All sensor schemes currently in use are subject to a basic trade-off between accuracy and speed, while there is great interest in improving both in order to enable unprecedented and widespread applications. Based on a thorough understanding of the characteristics of current resonant sensor architectures, we propose adaptive and flexible sensor schemes. Unlike recently proposed time-resolved mechanical detection methods, the proposed schemes do not require ensemble averaging of the resonator response for many independent identical stimuli. Distinct one-time events can be detected in real-time with high time resolution with an accuracy that then improves considerably with elapsed time. While the proposed adaptive schemes also need to abide by the fundamental speed versus accuracy trade-off, we show that there is still "some room at the bottom" for improvement with sensor architecture innovations. Pareto optimal performance that reaches a bound that is imposed by the fundamental thermomechanical noise can be achieved.